Public Health Pre-Weeding Test 1 (Paper 1)

Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Cultural Care focuses on transcultural nursing and culturally congruent care.

The background of the study is typically written first to establish context before problem statement, literature review, etc.

A computer virus is malicious software (malware) that replicates and infects files/programs.

Inability to breastfeed/drink plus chest indrawing indicates severe pneumonia (or very severe disease) per IMCI guidelines.

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

A psychrometer measures relative humidity using wet and dry bulb thermometers.

Pregnancy medication categories C, D, and X indicate increasing risk; categories D and X are contraindicated, and C requires caution.

TB co-infection accelerates HIV disease progression by increasing viral load and weakening immunity.

The broad objective summarizes the overall aim or goal of the study.

Descriptive studies describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon (who, what, when, where, how much) without establishing causality.

McBurney’s point, located in the right lower quadrant, is tender in appendicitis.

Hepatitis B is a DNA virus; others listed are RNA viruses.

Curling ulcer is a stress ulcer following severe burns.

Intussusception is a telescoping of one segment of intestine into an adjacent segment, often seen in infants.

Lead is toxic and accumulates, causing neurological and developmental harm.

Copper ions in Copper-T IUD have spermicidal effects, preventing fertilization.

Individual and community resilience is essential for long-term recovery after a disaster, beyond external aid.

Chest pain and dyspnea in a client on TPN suggest a possible embolus (e.g., from catheter-related thrombus or air embolism), which is an emergency.

Recovery efforts focus on restoring essential services and reconnecting displaced populations.

Teaching the wife about Alzheimer’s progression and promoting the husband’s independence helps maintain his dignity and prevents caregiver burnout, while acknowledging her limitations.

In IMCI classification, “No pneumonia: cough or cold” is coded green (home care).

Edward Jenner developed the first smallpox vaccine in 1796.

A chemical restraint is defined as a drug used for discipline or convenience, not to treat medical symptoms.

Acute bacterial parotitis in children is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

DNS = Domain Name System, translating domain names to IP addresses.

Smoke alarm batteries should be tested monthly and typically replaced at least every 6 months, not just annually. Annual replacement is insufficient and indicates a need for education.

Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) is a potential immediate complication after thoracentesis due to accidental puncture of the lung.

Placebo effects arise from psychological factors like patient-provider relationship, therapeutic setting, and expectations.

Forecasting, financing, and procurement are all essential capacities for achieving contraceptive security.

Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) are characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae.

Leprosy spreads via respiratory droplets.

Establishing trust and a therapeutic relationship is the first step in de-escalation and violence prevention, before considering restrictive interventions.

Delayed stress reaction (like burnout or PTSD) can emerge months after a traumatic event like disaster work.

Teaching the client about proper cane length (should allow a 15-30 degree elbow bend) promotes safety and independence, rather than removing their mobility aid.

Efficacy is the maximum response a drug can produce, regardless of dose.

Amylase breaks down starch into sugars.

Combining multiple service delivery points, community health workers, and out-of-clinic distribution increases family planning accessibility and acceptability.

Boerhaave syndrome is a full-thickness tear of the esophagus due to forceful vomiting.

1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 Megabytes (MB) in binary systems.

Bluetooth short-range wireless technology typically works up to about 30 feet (10 meters).

The “Ten Rights” typically include Right patient, medication, dose, route, time, documentation, education, assessment, evaluation, and refusal. “Right verification” is not a standard listed right.

Research hypotheses predict expected relationships or differences between variables.

During TPN tubing changes, the client should perform the Valsalva maneuver (or hold breath) to increase intrathoracic pressure and reduce the risk of air embolism.

Informed consent is not a required component of a restraint order. Essential components include the reason, type, duration, and client behaviors.

A 27-year-old sedated male client is at greatest risk for falls due to sedation impairing mobility and awareness.

Preschool children (ages 3-6) are in Erikson’s initiative vs. guilt stage, where initiative is a key developmental task.

For gastric lavage in adults, 200-300 mL of irrigant is typically instilled per cycle; 250 mL is a standard amount.

Acute pain is the priority nursing diagnosis in peptic ulcer disease.

Bioavailability is the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches systemic circulation after administration.

In Standard Days Method (SDM) using CycleBeads, menstruation before reaching the dark brown bead indicates a cycle shorter than 26 days, requiring provider consultation.

Occupational therapists assess and provide adaptive devices for eating/self-care.

Pericoronal abscess occurs around a partially erupted tooth, often wisdom teeth.

Coliform bacteria indicate fecal contamination; others listed are also fecal indicators.

Veracity (truthfulness) in nursing involves fully and honestly answering client questions without withholding information.

Typhoid is water-borne (fecal-oral), not water-washed (hygiene-related).

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Reverse isolation (protective isolation) is used for immunocompromised patients (e.g., leukemia) to protect them from infections.

The Dimensions Model of Health typically includes Biophysical, Psychological/Emotional, Behavioral, Health Systems, and Social/Environmental dimensions. The Spiritual Dimension is not a standard element.

Dissociation is a defense mechanism involving detachment from self, reality, or identity, often seen in severe stress or trauma.

Active natural immunity occurs when the body produces its own antibodies after exposure to a live pathogen (e.g., measles infection).

Data refers to the raw information (e.g., responses, measurements) collected from study participants.

Phototherapy is often used for hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice). Monitoring stool color (which may turn greenish) helps assess bilirubin excretion.

If a combined oral contraceptive pill is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered (even if two are taken the same day) to maintain contraceptive efficacy.

Projective techniques (e.g., word association, picture interpretation) uncover subconscious or hidden thoughts/feelings.

The Copper-T380A IUD is effective for up to 12 years of continuous use.

The Schick test is used to determine immunity to diphtheria.

Programming errors are commonly called “bugs.”

Malpractice requires: duty, breach of duty, causation, foreseeability, harm/damage, and injury (direct or indirect).

bit = binary digit, the smallest unit of data (0 or 1) in computing.

Referring to a compatibility chart or reference is the safest, most reliable method to determine IV medication-fluid compatibility.

In many African health facilities, pharmacy technicians or equivalent staff often handle supply chain tasks.

Photographing residents requires informed consent to protect privacy and autonomy, even in social settings.

The six rights of supply chain are: right product, quantity, condition, place, time, and cost. “Right consumer” is not one of them.

A history of childhood abuse in one partner is a strong risk factor for domestic violence, especially during pregnancy when stress and vulnerability increase.

Ethics education should cover current bioethical issues, such as genetic engineering, to make content relevant.

Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy due to theoretical risk to the fetus.

Slander is oral defamation; libel is written. Assault is threat of harm; battery is actual physical contact.

Longitudinal objective evaluation of time management is best done by collecting and analyzing outcome data over time, rather than one-time observations.

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs arithmetic, logic, and data comparison operations.

URL = Uniform Resource Locator, the unique address of a resource on the internet.

Combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen) are not recommended for breastfeeding women before 6 months postpartum due to potential milk supply reduction.

Multimedia integrates multiple content forms like text, audio, images, animation, and video.

Family is a subunit within a community, not a dimension of the community itself.

Sudden pain relief followed by severe pain suggests rupture (peritonitis).

Assessment is the first and most critical step in the nursing process, as it informs all subsequent steps.

If a combined oral contraceptive pill is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered (even if two are taken the same day) to maintain contraceptive efficacy.

A simulation is a study designed to imitate or replicate real-world processes or systems.

Culture media are typically sterilized by autoclaving (moist heat under pressure).

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the primary disinfecting agent from chlorine.

Medication reconciliation aims to prevent drug interactions and errors by comparing current and new medications.

Experimental studies, through manipulation, control, and randomization, are designed to establish cause-effect relationships.

Time management is the skill most directly linked to prioritizing and completing tasks for multiple clients efficiently.

Genetic factors, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity are major modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

SO? is a key indicator of industrial air pollution (e.g., from fossil fuels).

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer.

AEDs are designed for public use with voice prompts and automated analysis, allowing people without healthcare training to use them effectively.

A research topic should indicate location, participants, and variables, but objectives are detailed separately in the proposal.

The dependent variable is the outcome or response that the researcher measures and analyzes.

Immediate nursing action for transfusion reaction is to stop transfusion and monitor vitals to ensure stability before further steps.

RAM is primary/volatile memory; secondary storage includes non-volatile devices like disks and flash drives.

Nonprobability sampling does not use random selection and does not aim for statistical representativeness.

Short interpregnancy intervals (<18 months) are associated with increased risks of low birth weight and preterm birth.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of burn wound infections.

Effective disaster management relies heavily on pre-disaster planning and preparedness.

Prolapsed stoma (protrusion of bowel through stoma) is a potential complication of colostomy requiring client education.

Opioid agonists like Dilaudid (hydromorphone) commonly cause constipation as a side effect.

Antibiotics and antacids are not typically associated with constipation; others listed can cause it.

Snowball sampling involves existing participants recruiting or referring additional participants from their networks.

Stopping the IV flow immediately removes the allergen and prevents further reaction. This is the first priority in anaphylaxis.

The Rinne test compares air conduction vs. bone conduction to assess hearing and differentiate conductive from sensorineural hearing loss.

In dark-skinned individuals, jaundice is best observed in the sclera and mucous membranes.

A therapeutic milieu is a structured, consistent environment designed to support healing and promote psychological and physical health.

Ethics is most closely aligned with morals (principles of right/wrong), whereas laws are formal rules that may or may not reflect moral principles.

For a paralyzed client’s first transfer, a mechanical lift is the safest method to prevent injury to both the client and staff.

Social rehabilitation restores social roles and relationships after illness/disability.

Media play a crucial role in disseminating warnings and information for disaster prevention.

The six rights of supply chain are: right product, quantity, condition, place, time, and cost. “Right customers” is not one of them.

Elevating the head of bed to at least 30 degrees during tube feeding reduces aspiration risk.

Population is the complete set of all elements (people, items) sharing characteristics of interest to the researcher.

Combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen) are not recommended for breastfeeding women before 6 months postpartum due to potential milk supply reduction.

Field studies are conducted in real-world settings where actual environmental conditions naturally occur.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.

Operating system (OS) manages hardware/software resources and provides user interface.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is often called the “Father of Microbiology” for his early microscopic observations.

Behavioral psychotherapy, such as systematic desensitization or exposure therapy, is most effective for treating phobias by modifying maladaptive behaviors.

Mesosomes in bacteria are involved in respiration, cell division, and sporulation.

Trypsin (from pancreas) breaks down proteins into amino acids in the small intestine.

CD-RW stands for Compact Disc Rewritable, a reusable optical storage medium.

Psychological dependence (cravings, emotional reliance) is described when the client continues use to avoid negative emotional states, not just physical withdrawal.

Superior vena cava syndrome involves compression or obstruction of the superior vena cava (a major vein), often by tumor, leading to facial/upper body edema.

DVD = Digital Versatile Disc (or Digital Video Disc), an optical disc storage format.

Immediate assessment of the client after an accident is the first priority to determine injuries and necessary care before notification or intervention.

Oral drugs pass through the liver before systemic circulation, undergoing significant first-pass metabolism.

Secondary intention healing occurs when a wound is left open to heal from the bottom up, which is necessary for contaminated wounds like ruptured appendix with peritonitis.

The vastus lateralis muscle is the preferred IM site for neonates and infants due to its size and absence of major nerves/blood vessels.

Hard disk tracks are subdivided into sectors (the smallest storage unit).

Cancer prevention policies include screening and early detection/treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Quantitative research focuses on precise numerical measurement and statistical analysis of variables.

If the person is coughing forcefully, they have a partial airway obstruction and are moving air. Encouraging coughing is the first intervention before performing the Heimlich maneuver.

Evaluating effectiveness of a hypertension stress management series is best done by comparing blood pressure readings before, during, and after the series to track changes over time.

In a suspected transfusion reaction, the immediate action is to stop the transfusion to prevent further harm while monitoring the client.

Chronic sialadenitis with intractable pain may require surgical intervention (drainage or excision).

Performance improvement focuses on achieving optimal client outcomes through systematic enhancement of care.

Intestinal inflammation is not a common complication of hepatitis.

Bowel pattern assessment includes consistency, color, amount, and frequency.

Current CPR guidelines recommend a compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 for adults.

Ortho-toluidine test measures free and combined chlorine in water.

Microsoft Office is an application suite, not a programming language.

Experimental studies involve manipulation of independent variables to observe effects on dependent variables under controlled conditions.

Android is a mobile operating system; others are desktop OS or not OS.

Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires Hepatitis B coinfection.

Women, children, and the elderly are often more vulnerable due to social, economic, and physical factors.

Disasters cause loss of life, property damage, and environmental disruption.

For choking, initial first aid is five back blows between the shoulder blades to dislodge the obstruction.

Informed consent is grounded in the principle of self-determination (autonomy), respecting the client’s right to make decisions.

Disaster harm depends on hazard magnitude, intensity, and frequency.

Facebook is a social media platform, not a web browser (e.g., Firefox, Chrome, Safari are browsers).

Adding whole meal flour may increase fiber and bulk without significantly increasing energy density, which is less effective for appetite stimulation in older adults.

Petechiae (small pinpoint hemorrhages) are a classic sign of thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).

TB accelerates HIV progression by increasing viral replication and immune activation.

Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method, not a nonprobability technique.

Extravasation (vesicant leakage into tissue) intervention includes aspirating any blood/fluid from the IV cannula before removal to assess placement and minimize tissue damage.

A comprehensive health assessment includes a complete medical history, a general survey, and a complete head-to-toe physical assessment.

Emergencies are typically manageable by local emergency services; disasters exceed local capacity.

Fetal station is correctly defined as the level of the fetus’s presenting part in relationship to the mother’s ischial spines.

IUDs, Depo-Provera injections, and combined oral contraceptives can all cause changes in menstrual bleeding patterns.

Symptomatic relief (like soothing throat) is not a primary treatment for severe pneumonia; antibiotics and supportive care are key.

RAM is volatile temporary memory, not permanent storage like a hard disk.

The correct sequential order of crisis phases is: 4 (use of defense mechanisms), 3 (trying alternative coping), 1 (GAS signs/symptoms), 2 (detachment/disorientation).

Biological disasters involve disease outbreaks causing mass illness or death.

Aspergillus species pose a serious fungal infection risk in immunocompromised patients like bone marrow transplant recipients.

Rapid sand filters require frequent backwashing to clean the filter bed.

Purposive sampling involves selecting participants based on specific characteristics relevant to the study.

A monitor is an output device; input devices send data to a computer.

Episiotomy extension is an unexpected complication of a forceps delivery, making it a nursing diagnosis reflecting an adverse therapy response.

ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange, representing characters as numerical values.

LAN (Local Area Network) is used for internal communication within a limited area like an institution.

Superchlorination (high-dose) followed by dechlorination treats heavily polluted water.

www = World Wide Web, the system of interlinked hypertext documents on the internet.

The Access Framework components are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability. Quality Assurance is not one of them.

In many African health facilities, auxiliary or non-clinical staff often handle supply chain tasks like inventory and distribution.

Reproductive health commodity security means individuals can choose, obtain, and use quality essential reproductive health products when needed.

Man-made disasters include chemical explosions, wars, and toxic waste leaks.

A computer is an electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes both qualitative and quantitative data.

John Snow is considered the father of public health for his work on cholera transmission.

Standard keyboards typically have at least 101 keys (including function, numeric, and control keys).

Blood type B negative has A agglutinins (antibodies) and lacks the Rh factor. Therefore, the client can receive B- or O- blood, but not A or AB.

The ABCD nutritional assessment includes Anthropometric, Biochemical, Clinical, and Dietary data.

Microsoft Windows is an operating system; others are application software.

The prodromal stage is characterized by early, nonspecific symptoms like malaise, fatigue, and mild fever before specific symptoms appear.

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is stored in ROM and loads during boot-up.

Standard adult CPR compression-to-ventilation ratio is 30:2.

The Access Framework components are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability. Quality Assurance is not one of them.

Tubal ligation (female) and vasectomy (male) are permanent sterilization methods.

The second dose of penicillin can lead to distributive shock.