Public Health Pre-Weeding Test 1 (Paper 1)

A psychrometer measures relative humidity using wet and dry bulb thermometers.

Braces (orthodontic treatment) correct malocclusion by gradually moving teeth.

In dark-skinned individuals, jaundice is best observed in the sclera and mucous membranes.

Oral drugs pass through the liver before systemic circulation, undergoing significant first-pass metabolism.

Episiotomy extension is an unexpected complication of a forceps delivery, making it a nursing diagnosis reflecting an adverse therapy response.

Social rehabilitation restores social roles and relationships after illness/disability.

Superchlorination (high-dose) followed by dechlorination treats heavily polluted water.

The prodromal stage is characterized by early, nonspecific symptoms like malaise, fatigue, and mild fever before specific symptoms appear.

A computer is an electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes both qualitative and quantitative data.

Mail merge allows creating multiple personalized documents (like letters) from a single template and a data source.

Immediate nursing action for transfusion reaction is to stop transfusion and monitor vitals to ensure stability before further steps.

Women, children, and the elderly are often more vulnerable due to social, economic, and physical factors.

A therapeutic milieu is a structured, consistent environment designed to support healing and promote psychological and physical health.

The six rights of supply chain are: right product, quantity, condition, place, time, and cost. “Right customers” is not one of them.

Aspergillus species pose a serious fungal infection risk in immunocompromised patients like bone marrow transplant recipients.

The pad of the finger is not recommended for blood glucose monitoring because it is more sensitive and has fewer capillaries. The side of the finger is preferred.

TB co-infection accelerates HIV disease progression by increasing viral load and weakening immunity.

Snowball sampling involves existing participants recruiting or referring additional participants from their networks.

Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Cultural Care focuses on transcultural nursing and culturally congruent care.

A prosthetist designs, fits, and adjusts artificial limbs (prosthetics) for clients after amputation.

Opioid agonists like Dilaudid (hydromorphone) commonly cause constipation as a side effect.

Spreading the legs apart during a transfer is a correct application of body mechanics to widen the base of support and maintain stability. The preceptor should validate the nurse’s competency.

Real-time video simulates live broadcasting with minimal delay over the internet.

Data security breaches in healthcare are most often committed by internal staff, not external hackers.

Bacteremia refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.

During TPN tubing changes, the client should perform the Valsalva maneuver (or hold breath) to increase intrathoracic pressure and reduce the risk of air embolism.

Combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen) are not recommended for breastfeeding women before 6 months postpartum due to potential milk supply reduction.

DNS = Domain Name System, translating domain names to IP addresses.

Physical therapists assess and treat gait impairments, balance, and mobility to reduce fall risk.

Media play a crucial role in disseminating warnings and information for disaster prevention.

Sublingual route provides systemic, not local, effects; it bypasses first-pass metabolism and allows rapid onset/termination.

In IMCI classification, “No pneumonia: cough or cold” is coded green (home care).

If a combined oral contraceptive pill is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered (even if two are taken the same day) to maintain contraceptive efficacy.

Inability to breastfeed/drink plus chest indrawing indicates severe pneumonia (or very severe disease) per IMCI guidelines.

Occupational therapists assess and provide adaptive devices for eating/self-care.

Smoke alarm batteries should be tested monthly and typically replaced at least every 6 months, not just annually. Annual replacement is insufficient and indicates a need for education.

Amylase breaks down starch into sugars.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer.

IUDs, Depo-Provera injections, and combined oral contraceptives can all cause changes in menstrual bleeding patterns.

Coliform bacteria indicate fecal contamination; others listed are also fecal indicators.

For choking, initial first aid is five back blows between the shoulder blades to dislodge the obstruction.

The broad objective summarizes the overall aim or goal of the study.

Biological disasters involve disease outbreaks causing mass illness or death.

The Rinne test compares air conduction vs. bone conduction to assess hearing and differentiate conductive from sensorineural hearing loss.

Elevating the head of bed to at least 30 degrees during tube feeding reduces aspiration risk.

Trypsin (from pancreas) breaks down proteins into amino acids in the small intestine.

Pericoronal abscess occurs around a partially erupted tooth, often wisdom teeth.

Multimedia integrates multiple content forms like text, audio, images, animation, and video.

Acute pain is the priority nursing diagnosis in peptic ulcer disease.

Bluetooth short-range wireless technology typically works up to about 30 feet (10 meters).

URL = Uniform Resource Locator, the unique address of a resource on the internet.

CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the primary component that processes data and controls peripherals.

CD-RW stands for Compact Disc Rewritable, a reusable optical storage medium.

Laboratory studies are conducted in controlled, artificial settings that do not replicate real-world environmental conditions.

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is stored in ROM and loads during boot-up.

Curling ulcer is a stress ulcer following severe burns.

Field studies are conducted in real-world settings where actual environmental conditions naturally occur.

Risk management primarily aims to reduce financial and legal liability, while performance improvement focuses on process and outcome enhancement.

Ferrous sulfate (iron) is given via the Z-track technique to prevent staining and ensure intramuscular delivery into the muscle.

McBurney’s point, located in the right lower quadrant, is tender in appendicitis.

Leprosy spreads via respiratory droplets.

Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) is a potential immediate complication after thoracentesis due to accidental puncture of the lung.

John Snow is considered the father of public health for his work on cholera transmission.

A second nurse is required to verify patient identity, blood product, and compatibility before administering blood (double-check procedure).

The “Ten Rights” typically include Right patient, medication, dose, route, time, documentation, education, assessment, evaluation, and refusal. “Right verification” is not a standard listed right.

Prolapsed stoma (protrusion of bowel through stoma) is a potential complication of colostomy requiring client education.

Reverse isolation (protective isolation) is used for immunocompromised patients (e.g., leukemia) to protect them from infections.

Secondary intention healing occurs when a wound is left open to heal from the bottom up, which is necessary for contaminated wounds like ruptured appendix with peritonitis.

Adding whole meal flour may increase fiber and bulk without significantly increasing energy density, which is less effective for appetite stimulation in older adults.

Current CPR guidelines recommend a compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 for adults.

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy due to theoretical risk to the fetus.

RAM is volatile temporary memory, not permanent storage like a hard disk.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a specific web page or resource on the internet.

Google is a search engine/company; others are operating systems.

Informed consent is grounded in the principle of self-determination (autonomy), respecting the client’s right to make decisions.

The vastus lateralis muscle is the preferred IM site for neonates and infants due to its size and absence of major nerves/blood vessels.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the primary disinfecting agent from chlorine.

Android is a mobile operating system; others are desktop OS or not OS.

Individual and community resilience is essential for long-term recovery after a disaster, beyond external aid.

Providing privacy creates a safe, confidential environment, which is a therapeutic communication technique that builds trust.

Combining multiple service delivery points, community health workers, and out-of-clinic distribution increases family planning accessibility and acceptability.

Microsoft Windows is an operating system; others are application software.

Assessment is the first and most critical step in the nursing process, as it informs all subsequent steps.

During group forming, accommodating others helps reduce conflict and build cohesion.

Placebo effects arise from psychological factors like patient-provider relationship, therapeutic setting, and expectations.

Informed consent is not a required component of a restraint order. Essential components include the reason, type, duration, and client behaviors.

Pregnancy medication categories C, D, and X indicate increasing risk; categories D and X are contraindicated, and C requires caution.

A chemical restraint is defined as a drug used for discipline or convenience, not to treat medical symptoms.

The motherboard is the main circuit board connecting all internal components.

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs arithmetic, logic, and data comparison operations.

Quantitative research focuses on precise numerical measurement and statistical analysis of variables.

Duodenal ulcer patients often hypersecrete gastric acid.

www = World Wide Web, the system of interlinked hypertext documents on the internet.

Utilitarianism focuses on ethical outcomes (ends), whereas deontology focuses on ethical means.

Case managers ensure clients receive appropriate level of care to meet clinical needs and reimbursement criteria.

Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires Hepatitis B coinfection.

Chronic sialadenitis with intractable pain may require surgical intervention (drainage or excision).

The gluteus maximus is an acceptable IM site for adults, but verification of the doctor’s order (including site if specified) is a standard safety step before administration.

Research hypotheses predict expected relationships or differences between variables.

GI assessment focuses on oral/digestive health; confusion is a neurological symptom, not directly GI-related.

The Schick test is used to determine immunity to diphtheria.

Combining multiple service delivery points, community health workers, and out-of-clinic distribution increases family planning accessibility and acceptability.

Rapid sand filters require frequent backwashing to clean the filter bed.

In many African health facilities, pharmacy technicians or equivalent staff often handle supply chain tasks.

Reproductive health commodity security means individuals can choose, obtain, and use quality essential reproductive health products when needed.

Instrumental ADLs (e.g., managing finances, shopping, meal preparation) deficits are often addressed by a social worker, who can connect the family to community resources.

The research process is commonly divided into 5 phases: conceptual, design, empirical, analytic, and dissemination.

Preschool children (ages 3-6) are in Erikson’s initiative vs. guilt stage, where initiative is a key developmental task.

Edward Jenner developed the first smallpox vaccine in 1796.

Population is the complete set of all elements (people, items) sharing characteristics of interest to the researcher.

Longitudinal objective evaluation of time management is best done by collecting and analyzing outcome data over time, rather than one-time observations.

An internal disaster occurs within the healthcare facility itself, such as a tornado touching down directly on the facility.

Malpractice requires: duty, breach of duty, causation, foreseeability, harm/damage, and injury (direct or indirect).

Agonists bind to receptors and induce a conformational change, triggering a biological response.

Symptomatic relief (like soothing throat) is not a primary treatment for severe pneumonia; antibiotics and supportive care are key.

Standard keyboards typically have at least 101 keys (including function, numeric, and control keys).

If the person is coughing forcefully, they have a partial airway obstruction and are moving air. Encouraging coughing is the first intervention before performing the Heimlich maneuver.

Chest pain and dyspnea in a client on TPN suggest a possible embolus (e.g., from catheter-related thrombus or air embolism), which is an emergency.

Purposive sampling involves selecting participants based on specific characteristics relevant to the study.

Newborns not needing resuscitation are typically term, breathing/crying, and have good muscle tone.

Establishing trust and a therapeutic relationship is the first step in de-escalation and violence prevention, before considering restrictive interventions.

If a combined oral contraceptive pill is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered (even if two are taken the same day) to maintain contraceptive efficacy.

Delirium (acute confusion) can cause visual hallucinations and fluctuating cognition, often triggered by dehydration and anticholinergic drugs.

Stopping the IV flow immediately removes the allergen and prevents further reaction. This is the first priority in anaphylaxis.

Blood type B negative has A agglutinins (antibodies) and lacks the Rh factor. Therefore, the client can receive B- or O- blood, but not A or AB.

Pain management (analgesics, hydration, oxygenation) is a primary intervention during a sickle cell crisis to relieve severe pain from vaso-occlusion.

Short interpregnancy intervals (<18 months) are associated with increased risks of low birth weight and preterm birth.

Research questions are directly derived from and operationalize the research objectives.

The dependent variable is the outcome or response that the researcher measures and analyzes.

TB accelerates HIV progression by increasing viral replication and immune activation.

LAN (Local Area Network) is used for internal communication within a limited area like an institution.

Physical inactivity, alcohol, and tobacco are major behavioral risk factors for NCDs.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast causing cryptococcosis, especially in immunocompromised hosts.

A simulation is a study designed to imitate or replicate real-world processes or systems.

Microsoft Office is an application suite, not a programming language.

Antibiotics and antacids are not typically associated with constipation; others listed can cause it.

The nurse’s role in informed consent is to witness the client’s signature, not to obtain consent or explain the procedure.

Disasters cause loss of life, property damage, and environmental disruption.

Standard Days Method (using CycleBeads) requires regular menstrual cycles between 26 and 32 days.

Combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen) are not recommended for breastfeeding women before 6 months postpartum due to potential milk supply reduction.

Disaster harm depends on hazard magnitude, intensity, and frequency.

Exposure to toxins and mold post-disaster is an environmental health consequence.

Contraceptive implants contain only progestin, making them safe for breastfeeding as estrogen can reduce milk supply.

The Copper-T380A IUD is effective for up to 12 years of continuous use.

Psychological dependence (cravings, emotional reliance) is described when the client continues use to avoid negative emotional states, not just physical withdrawal.

Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method, not a nonprobability technique.

A comprehensive health assessment includes a complete medical history, a general survey, and a complete head-to-toe physical assessment.

DVD = Digital Versatile Disc (or Digital Video Disc), an optical disc storage format.

Hemolysis prevention involves correct typing, cross-matching, and verifying ABO compatibility before transfusion.

Effective disaster management relies heavily on pre-disaster planning and preparedness.

Active natural immunity occurs when the body produces its own antibodies after exposure to a live pathogen (e.g., measles infection).

Experimental studies, through manipulation, control, and randomization, are designed to establish cause-effect relationships.

Phototherapy is often used for hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice). Monitoring stool color (which may turn greenish) helps assess bilirubin excretion.

Emergencies are typically manageable by local emergency services; disasters exceed local capacity.

Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium causing cholera, was discovered by Robert Koch in 1884.

Operating system (OS) manages hardware/software resources and provides user interface.

Dissociation is a defense mechanism involving detachment from self, reality, or identity, often seen in severe stress or trauma.

The background of the study is typically written first to establish context before problem statement, literature review, etc.

Man-made disasters include chemical explosions, wars, and toxic waste leaks.

Family is a subunit within a community, not a dimension of the community itself.

Bile emulsifies fats, increasing surface area for lipase action.

Bioavailability is the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches systemic circulation after administration.

Lead is toxic and accumulates, causing neurological and developmental harm.

Nonprobability sampling does not use random selection and does not aim for statistical representativeness.

Sudden pain relief followed by severe pain suggests rupture (peritonitis).

The Dimensions Model of Health typically includes Biophysical, Psychological/Emotional, Behavioral, Health Systems, and Social/Environmental dimensions. The Spiritual Dimension is not a standard element.

Education and training on all pieces of equipment are essential to ensure staff can use medical equipment safely and properly.

Extravasation (vesicant leakage into tissue) intervention includes aspirating any blood/fluid from the IV cannula before removal to assess placement and minimize tissue damage.

Time management is the skill most directly linked to prioritizing and completing tasks for multiple clients efficiently.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Variable interactions can be symmetrical (mutual influence), reciprocal (two-way causal), or asymmetrical (one-way causal).

AEDs are designed for public use with voice prompts and automated analysis, allowing people without healthcare training to use them effectively.

For a paralyzed client’s first transfer, a mechanical lift is the safest method to prevent injury to both the client and staff.

Photographing residents requires informed consent to protect privacy and autonomy, even in social settings.

Mesosomes in bacteria are involved in respiration, cell division, and sporulation.

A monitor is an output device; input devices send data to a computer.

The second dose of penicillin can lead to distributive shock.

Medication reconciliation aims to prevent drug interactions and errors by comparing current and new medications.

Ethics is most closely aligned with morals (principles of right/wrong), whereas laws are formal rules that may or may not reflect moral principles.

In Standard Days Method (SDM) using CycleBeads, menstruation before reaching the dark brown bead indicates a cycle shorter than 26 days, requiring provider consultation.

Copper ions in Copper-T IUD have spermicidal effects, preventing fertilization.

Behavioral psychotherapy, such as systematic desensitization or exposure therapy, is most effective for treating phobias by modifying maladaptive behaviors.

Delayed stress reaction (like burnout or PTSD) can emerge months after a traumatic event like disaster work.

A 27-year-old sedated male client is at greatest risk for falls due to sedation impairing mobility and awareness.

Forecasting, financing, and procurement are all essential capacities for achieving contraceptive security.

RAM is primary/volatile memory; secondary storage includes non-volatile devices like disks and flash drives.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is often called the “Father of Microbiology” for his early microscopic observations.

Programming errors are commonly called “bugs.”

Teaching the client about proper cane length (should allow a 15-30 degree elbow bend) promotes safety and independence, rather than removing their mobility aid.

Slander is oral defamation; libel is written. Assault is threat of harm; battery is actual physical contact.

Ethics education should cover current bioethical issues, such as genetic engineering, to make content relevant.

In many African health facilities, auxiliary or non-clinical staff often handle supply chain tasks like inventory and distribution.

Petechiae (small pinpoint hemorrhages) are a classic sign of thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).

A computer virus is malicious software (malware) that replicates and infects files/programs.