Public Health Pre-Weeding Test 1 (Paper 1)

Trypsin (from pancreas) breaks down proteins into amino acids in the small intestine.

Blood type B negative has A agglutinins (antibodies) and lacks the Rh factor. Therefore, the client can receive B- or O- blood, but not A or AB.

CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the primary component that processes data and controls peripherals.

Data refers to the raw information (e.g., responses, measurements) collected from study participants.

Mesosomes in bacteria are involved in respiration, cell division, and sporulation.

Fetal station is correctly defined as the level of the fetus’s presenting part in relationship to the mother’s ischial spines.

Hepatitis B is a DNA virus; others listed are RNA viruses.

Microsoft Windows is an operating system; others are application software.

Snowball sampling involves existing participants recruiting or referring additional participants from their networks.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.

Current CPR guidelines recommend a compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 for adults.

Google is a search engine/company; others are operating systems.

Multimedia integrates multiple content forms like text, audio, images, animation, and video.

Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Cultural Care focuses on transcultural nursing and culturally congruent care.

Immediate nursing action for transfusion reaction is to stop transfusion and monitor vitals to ensure stability before further steps.

For a comatose, end-of-life client, the priority outcome is comfort: remaining free of pain and distress. Aggressive interventions like enemas or antiemetics are not appropriate.

Malpractice requires: duty, breach of duty, causation, foreseeability, harm/damage, and injury (direct or indirect).

Recovery efforts focus on restoring essential services and reconnecting displaced populations.

Short interpregnancy intervals (<18 months) are associated with increased risks of low birth weight and preterm birth.

Android is a mobile operating system; others are desktop OS or not OS.

A simulation is a study designed to imitate or replicate real-world processes or systems.

Aspergillus species pose a serious fungal infection risk in immunocompromised patients like bone marrow transplant recipients.

Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy due to theoretical risk to the fetus.

Bile emulsifies fats, increasing surface area for lipase action.

Agonists bind to receptors and induce a conformational change, triggering a biological response.

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

In many African health facilities, pharmacy technicians or equivalent staff often handle supply chain tasks.

Active natural immunity occurs when the body produces its own antibodies after exposure to a live pathogen (e.g., measles infection).

Microsoft Office is an application suite, not a programming language.

During group forming, accommodating others helps reduce conflict and build cohesion.

The research process is commonly divided into 5 phases: conceptual, design, empirical, analytic, and dissemination.

Rubella is commonly called German measles.

Education and training on all pieces of equipment are essential to ensure staff can use medical equipment safely and properly.

Pain management (analgesics, hydration, oxygenation) is a primary intervention during a sickle cell crisis to relieve severe pain from vaso-occlusion.

TB co-infection accelerates HIV disease progression by increasing viral load and weakening immunity.

Quantitative research focuses on precise numerical measurement and statistical analysis of variables.

Teaching the wife about Alzheimer’s progression and promoting the husband’s independence helps maintain his dignity and prevents caregiver burnout, while acknowledging her limitations.

CD-RW stands for Compact Disc Rewritable, a reusable optical storage medium.

Hard disk tracks are subdivided into sectors (the smallest storage unit).

Delirium (acute confusion) can cause visual hallucinations and fluctuating cognition, often triggered by dehydration and anticholinergic drugs.

The motherboard is the main circuit board connecting all internal components.

Petechiae (small pinpoint hemorrhages) are a classic sign of thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).

Ortho-toluidine test measures free and combined chlorine in water.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Intrauterine devices (IUDs), particularly copper IUDs, commonly cause heavier or irregular menstrual bleeding.

Standard Days Method (using CycleBeads) requires regular menstrual cycles between 26 and 32 days.

ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange, representing characters as numerical values.

Ethics education should cover current bioethical issues, such as genetic engineering, to make content relevant.

The “Ten Rights” typically include Right patient, medication, dose, route, time, documentation, education, assessment, evaluation, and refusal. “Right verification” is not a standard listed right.

The introduction sets up the study but does not present findings; findings are reported in the results section.

Phototherapy is often used for hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice). Monitoring stool color (which may turn greenish) helps assess bilirubin excretion.

Copper ions in Copper-T IUD have spermicidal effects, preventing fertilization.

Physical therapists assess and treat gait impairments, balance, and mobility to reduce fall risk.

Purposive sampling involves selecting participants based on specific characteristics relevant to the study.

The six rights of supply chain are: right product, quantity, condition, place, time, and cost. “Right customers” is not one of them.

A psychrometer measures relative humidity using wet and dry bulb thermometers.

Mail merge allows creating multiple personalized documents (like letters) from a single template and a data source.

Data security breaches in healthcare are most often committed by internal staff, not external hackers.

Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method, not a nonprobability technique.

Delayed stress reaction (like burnout or PTSD) can emerge months after a traumatic event like disaster work.

Amylase breaks down starch into sugars.

Standard keyboards typically have at least 101 keys (including function, numeric, and control keys).

Bioavailability is the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches systemic circulation after administration.

WAN = Wide Area Network, a network spanning a large geographical area.

Field studies are conducted in real-world settings where actual environmental conditions naturally occur.

Sublingual route provides systemic, not local, effects; it bypasses first-pass metabolism and allows rapid onset/termination.

Acute pain is the priority nursing diagnosis in peptic ulcer disease.

In many African health facilities, auxiliary or non-clinical staff often handle supply chain tasks like inventory and distribution.

McBurney’s point, located in the right lower quadrant, is tender in appendicitis.

Evaluating effectiveness of a hypertension stress management series is best done by comparing blood pressure readings before, during, and after the series to track changes over time.

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs arithmetic, logic, and data comparison operations.

Case managers ensure clients receive appropriate level of care to meet clinical needs and reimbursement criteria.

The ABCD nutritional assessment includes Anthropometric, Biochemical, Clinical, and Dietary data.

Culture media are typically sterilized by autoclaving (moist heat under pressure).

Placebo effects arise from psychological factors like patient-provider relationship, therapeutic setting, and expectations.

TB accelerates HIV progression by increasing viral replication and immune activation.

A byte is typically 8 bits (binary digits).

Superior vena cava syndrome involves compression or obstruction of the superior vena cava (a major vein), often by tumor, leading to facial/upper body edema.

Chronic sialadenitis with intractable pain may require surgical intervention (drainage or excision).

Coliform bacteria indicate fecal contamination; others listed are also fecal indicators.

Exposure to toxins and mold post-disaster is an environmental health consequence.

Disaster harm depends on hazard magnitude, intensity, and frequency.

Stopping the IV flow immediately removes the allergen and prevents further reaction. This is the first priority in anaphylaxis.

Nonprobability sampling does not use random selection and does not aim for statistical representativeness.

A comprehensive health assessment includes a complete medical history, a general survey, and a complete head-to-toe physical assessment.

The Rinne test compares air conduction vs. bone conduction to assess hearing and differentiate conductive from sensorineural hearing loss.

Reverse isolation (protective isolation) is used for immunocompromised patients (e.g., leukemia) to protect them from infections.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the primary disinfecting agent from chlorine.

Forecasting, financing, and procurement are all essential capacities for achieving contraceptive security.

Episiotomy extension is an unexpected complication of a forceps delivery, making it a nursing diagnosis reflecting an adverse therapy response.

In Standard Days Method (SDM) using CycleBeads, menstruation before reaching the dark brown bead indicates a cycle shorter than 26 days, requiring provider consultation.

Using Naegele’s rule (add 7 days, subtract 3 months): 20/10/2016 + 7 days = 27/10/2016; minus 3 months = 27/07/2017. The closest date is 07/07/2017.

Spreading the legs apart during a transfer is a correct application of body mechanics to widen the base of support and maintain stability. The preceptor should validate the nurse’s competency.

Newborns not needing resuscitation are typically term, breathing/crying, and have good muscle tone.

Bowel pattern assessment includes consistency, color, amount, and frequency.

GI assessment focuses on oral/digestive health; confusion is a neurological symptom, not directly GI-related.

Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is recommended for surface disinfection against coronaviruses.

During TPN tubing changes, the client should perform the Valsalva maneuver (or hold breath) to increase intrathoracic pressure and reduce the risk of air embolism.

If the person is coughing forcefully, they have a partial airway obstruction and are moving air. Encouraging coughing is the first intervention before performing the Heimlich maneuver.

Medication reconciliation aims to prevent drug interactions and errors by comparing current and new medications.

Real-time video simulates live broadcasting with minimal delay over the internet.

Adding whole meal flour may increase fiber and bulk without significantly increasing energy density, which is less effective for appetite stimulation in older adults.

Efficacy is the maximum response a drug can produce, regardless of dose.

Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires Hepatitis B coinfection.

Behavioral psychotherapy, such as systematic desensitization or exposure therapy, is most effective for treating phobias by modifying maladaptive behaviors.

The Access Framework components are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability. Quality Assurance is not one of them.

A system variance refers to a problem or failure within the healthcare system’s processes, such as inadequate supplies or equipment.

Inability to breastfeed/drink plus chest indrawing indicates severe pneumonia (or very severe disease) per IMCI guidelines.

Forecasting, financing, and procurement are all essential capacities for achieving contraceptive security.

Duodenal ulcer patients often hypersecrete gastric acid.

Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) are characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of burn wound infections.

Women, children, and the elderly are often more vulnerable due to social, economic, and physical factors.

Intussusception is a telescoping of one segment of intestine into an adjacent segment, often seen in infants.

A second nurse is required to verify patient identity, blood product, and compatibility before administering blood (double-check procedure).

URL = Uniform Resource Locator, the unique address of a resource on the internet.

Edward Jenner developed the first smallpox vaccine in 1796.

The Dimensions Model of Health typically includes Biophysical, Psychological/Emotional, Behavioral, Health Systems, and Social/Environmental dimensions. The Spiritual Dimension is not a standard element.

LAN (Local Area Network) is used for internal communication within a limited area like an institution.

Social rehabilitation restores social roles and relationships after illness/disability.

Lifestyle choices, such as diet, exercise, and smoking, are modifiable risk factors. Genetic predisposition and high-risk behaviors are less directly correctable.

Contraceptive implants contain only progestin, making them safe for breastfeeding as estrogen can reduce milk supply.

Initial choking response: five back blows between shoulder blades to clear airway.

Dissociation is a defense mechanism involving detachment from self, reality, or identity, often seen in severe stress or trauma.

Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) is a potential immediate complication after thoracentesis due to accidental puncture of the lung.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is often called the “Father of Microbiology” for his early microscopic observations.

Advocating for healthcare accessibility through political organization is a form of client advocacy at the community/policy level.

1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 Megabytes (MB) in binary systems.

The broad objective summarizes the overall aim or goal of the study.

Longitudinal objective evaluation of time management is best done by collecting and analyzing outcome data over time, rather than one-time observations.

If a combined oral contraceptive pill is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered (even if two are taken the same day) to maintain contraceptive efficacy.

Typhoid is water-borne (fecal-oral), not water-washed (hygiene-related).

Informed consent is not a required component of a restraint order. Essential components include the reason, type, duration, and client behaviors.

Boerhaave syndrome is a full-thickness tear of the esophagus due to forceful vomiting.

Hyperkalemia is a risk in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) due to potassium shifting out of cells and impaired renal excretion.

Secondary intention healing occurs when a wound is left open to heal from the bottom up, which is necessary for contaminated wounds like ruptured appendix with peritonitis.

Oral drugs pass through the liver before systemic circulation, undergoing significant first-pass metabolism.

An internal disaster occurs within the healthcare facility itself, such as a tornado touching down directly on the facility.

DNS = Domain Name System, translating domain names to IP addresses.

The dependent variable is the outcome or response that the researcher measures and analyzes.

Referring to a compatibility chart or reference is the safest, most reliable method to determine IV medication-fluid compatibility.

Informed consent is grounded in the principle of self-determination (autonomy), respecting the client’s right to make decisions.

The six rights of supply chain are: right product, quantity, condition, place, time, and cost. “Right consumer” is not one of them.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast causing cryptococcosis, especially in immunocompromised hosts.

A therapeutic milieu is a structured, consistent environment designed to support healing and promote psychological and physical health.

Bluetooth short-range wireless technology typically works up to about 30 feet (10 meters).

In dark-skinned individuals, jaundice is best observed in the sclera and mucous membranes.

Antibiotics and antacids are not typically associated with constipation; others listed can cause it.

Acute bacterial parotitis in children is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

A prosthetist designs, fits, and adjusts artificial limbs (prosthetics) for clients after amputation.

Veracity (truthfulness) in nursing involves fully and honestly answering client questions without withholding information.

Pericoronal abscess occurs around a partially erupted tooth, often wisdom teeth.

Programming errors are commonly called “bugs.”

A research topic should indicate location, participants, and variables, but objectives are detailed separately in the proposal.

www = World Wide Web, the system of interlinked hypertext documents on the internet.

Superchlorination (high-dose) followed by dechlorination treats heavily polluted water.

In a suspected transfusion reaction, the immediate action is to stop the transfusion to prevent further harm while monitoring the client.

The gluteus maximus is an acceptable IM site for adults, but verification of the doctor’s order (including site if specified) is a standard safety step before administration.

During abdominal assessment, deep palpation is performed last to avoid altering findings from earlier steps (inspection, auscultation, percussion, light palpation).

A computer virus is malicious software (malware) that replicates and infects files/programs.

Research questions are directly derived from and operationalize the research objectives.

Symptomatic relief (like soothing throat) is not a primary treatment for severe pneumonia; antibiotics and supportive care are key.

Laboratory studies are conducted in controlled, artificial settings that do not replicate real-world environmental conditions.

Psychological dependence (cravings, emotional reliance) is described when the client continues use to avoid negative emotional states, not just physical withdrawal.

Occupational therapists assess and provide adaptive devices for eating/self-care.

Intestinal inflammation is not a common complication of hepatitis.

Prolapsed stoma (protrusion of bowel through stoma) is a potential complication of colostomy requiring client education.

Tubal ligation (female) and vasectomy (male) are permanent sterilization methods.

The background of the study is typically written first to establish context before problem statement, literature review, etc.

Time management is the skill most directly linked to prioritizing and completing tasks for multiple clients efficiently.

Instrumental ADLs (e.g., managing finances, shopping, meal preparation) deficits are often addressed by a social worker, who can connect the family to community resources.

A history of childhood abuse in one partner is a strong risk factor for domestic violence, especially during pregnancy when stress and vulnerability increase.

A computer is an electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes both qualitative and quantitative data.

For gastric lavage in adults, 200-300 mL of irrigant is typically instilled per cycle; 250 mL is a standard amount.

Progestin-only injectables (like Depo-Provera) are considered safe for breastfeeding women starting at 6 weeks postpartum.

Physical inactivity, alcohol, and tobacco are major behavioral risk factors for NCDs.

SARS = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.

For a paralyzed client’s first transfer, a mechanical lift is the safest method to prevent injury to both the client and staff.

RAM is volatile temporary memory, not permanent storage like a hard disk.

Curling ulcer is a stress ulcer following severe burns.

Smoke alarm batteries should be tested monthly and typically replaced at least every 6 months, not just annually. Annual replacement is insufficient and indicates a need for education.

Media play a crucial role in disseminating warnings and information for disaster prevention.

bit = binary digit, the smallest unit of data (0 or 1) in computing.

Biological disasters involve disease outbreaks causing mass illness or death.

Experimental studies involve manipulation of independent variables to observe effects on dependent variables under controlled conditions.

Bacteremia refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.

LCD = Liquid Crystal Display, a flat-panel screen technology.

Cancer prevention policies include screening and early detection/treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Utilitarianism focuses on ethical outcomes (ends), whereas deontology focuses on ethical means.

A research critique evaluates both strengths and weaknesses to assess overall study quality and validity.

Opioid agonists like Dilaudid (hydromorphone) commonly cause constipation as a side effect.

Population is the complete set of all elements (people, items) sharing characteristics of interest to the researcher.

DVD = Digital Versatile Disc (or Digital Video Disc), an optical disc storage format.

IUDs, Depo-Provera injections, and combined oral contraceptives can all cause changes in menstrual bleeding patterns.

Man-made disasters include chemical explosions, wars, and toxic waste leaks.

The second dose of penicillin can lead to distributive shock.