Public Health Pre-Weeding Test 2 (Paper 2)

Salk vaccine is inactivated (killed); BCG, Sabin, and measles are live attenuated.

A limited partnership includes both general partners (unlimited liability) and limited partners (liability limited to investment).

Epidemiology’s primary objective is identifying risk factors to inform prevention.

Chi-square is a statistical test used for categorical data analysis.

The scientific method aims to introduce and test new variables to explain phenomena.

West Nile virus is emerging in new regions; reemerging diseases are previously controlled but resurging (e.g., drug-resistant TB, malaria).

Fresh bleaching powder (chloride of lime) contains about 33% available chlorine.

Objectivity (freedom from bias) ensures authenticity of findings.

Feasibility requires utility, novelty, and researchability.

Savlon contains cetavlon (cetrimide) and hibitane (chlorhexidine).

Research is a systematic, active, problem-oriented process; “not a process” is incorrect.

Ergonomic problems are a major occupational health issue; psychological, social, and environmental problems also occur.

Informal organization focuses on social relationships, personal interactions, and group dynamics.

Poor coordination is a human factor, not a precipitating factor; environmental, machinery, and work-related factors are precipitating.

Airborne diseases (e.g., TB, measles) spread easily via aerosols, making containment difficult.

An outbreak is a sudden increase in disease cases in a specific community or area.

Budgets are quantitative plans expressing expected financial outcomes over a specific period.

Intrapreneurship (corporate venture) is entrepreneurship within an existing organization.

Innovation refers to the process of creating and implementing new ideas or products.

Mroz attributed 80% of workplace accidents to unsafe human behaviors.

Declining vaccination rates can reduce herd immunity, allowing previously controlled diseases to reemerge.

Sampling cases extends beyond people to include texts, media, events, etc.

Adding whole meal flour may increase fiber and bulk without significantly increasing energy density, which is less effective for appetite stimulation in older adults.

Newborns not needing resuscitation are typically term, breathing/crying, and have good muscle tone.

Health assessment (including pre-employment exams) is a core occupational health activity, not an exclusion.

Chronic ear infection (otorrhea ?14 days) is treated with topical quinolone drops and ear wicking.

Community health nursing process (assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation) is the systematic tool for community-oriented care.

Questionnaires efficiently gather standardized data from a large urban population on political opinions.

Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) is a WHO strategy to make rehabilitation accessible at the community level.

The aim is to assess home environment risks, such as presence of an imbecile (intellectually disabled) child.

Corporate planning sets the overall direction and strategy for the entire organization.

The Access Framework components are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability. Quality Assurance is not one of them.

Fast breathing without chest indrawing or danger signs = pneumonia classification.

Community health nursing promotes client responsibility and self-care; it does not inhibit it.

Symptomatic relief (like soothing throat) is not a primary treatment for severe pneumonia; antibiotics and supportive care are key.

Measures of effect (e.g., RR, OR) quantify the strength of association between exposure and outcome.

Vocational rehabilitation restores work capacity and function after illness/injury.

Research depth is gauged by the scope and specificity of its objectives.

Measles does not typically combine active and passive immunization; hepatitis B, rabies, and tetanus do.

Procedures are step-by-step instructions for implementing policies and achieving objectives.

Unity of command ensures each employee reports to one supervisor to avoid conflicting instructions.

Dysentery (bloody diarrhea) is typically treated with antibiotics like ciprofloxacin.

Very severe febrile disease/malaria requires immediate parenteral antimalarial (e.g., quinine) or artesunate.

Fever with malaria risk and no other cause is classified as “Fever: Malaria likely.”

Correlation analysis measures the association (relationship) between variables.

Research is a systematic, active, problem-oriented process; “not a process” is incorrect.

Feasibility requires utility, novelty, and researchability.

Post-delivery care includes bladder emptying, perineal inspection, blood loss estimation, and baby cleaning with weighing.

Leptospirosis, brucellosis, and anthrax are all recognized occupational diseases from biological agents.

Dysentery is defined by the presence of blood in stool.

Social status reflects an individual’s societal standing based on factors like wealth, occupation, education.

Vaccination is a control measure, not a core step of outbreak investigation (steps: detection, confirmation, description, cause identification, control).

Gentian violet is applied to mouth ulcers for antifungal/antibacterial effect.

Abused child syndrome encompasses various abuse-related injuries and neglect leading to intellectual disability.

Seroepidemiology studies disease patterns using blood serum markers (e.g., antibodies) to track exposure and immunity.

Sampling cases extends beyond people to include texts, media, events, etc.

Assumptions are shaped by cultural context, societal norms, and background.

Organic dust (e.g., from grains, textiles) is a widespread occupational hazard, especially in agriculture and manufacturing.

Entrepreneurship involves pursuing opportunities regardless of currently controlled resources.

Rehabilitation is a component, but not a fundamental core part; health education, counseling, and supervision are core.

The marketing mix (4 Ps) consists of Product, Price, Promotion, and Place (distribution).

Exposure refers to any contact with a factor (harmful or beneficial) that may affect health.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical method comparing means across groups, often one-way.

Some palmar pallor indicates anemia (moderate), while severe palmar pallor indicates severe anemia.

Literature review reveals existing knowledge, theories, key contributors, and gaps.

Language barriers require immediate interpreter services to assess and address the family’s distress.

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) like Artemeter-Lumefantrine are first-line oral antimalarials.

The scientific method aims to introduce and test new variables to explain phenomena.

Research questions guide inquiry but are not a data-collection method; they define what data to collect.

Questionnaires efficiently gather standardized data from a large urban population on political opinions.

Occupational health falls under preventive medicine, focusing on disease prevention and health promotion.

Distribution channels (e.g., retailers, wholesalers) often provide new product ideas and marketing support.

Measles with pus draining from the eye indicates eye complication.

Community health nursing is a continuous, population-focused practice.

Silicosis, caused by inhaling silica dust, is one of the most common occupational lung diseases worldwide.

Responsibility is the duty to perform assigned tasks and deliver expected outcomes.

Chest indrawing is a key sign for severe pneumonia classification.

Collecting dietary data before symptom onset reduces recall bias in cohort studies.

Combining multiple service delivery points, community health workers, and out-of-clinic distribution increases family planning accessibility and acceptability.

Formal organization is characterized by written rules, duties, and defined structures.

Inhalation of lead dust/fumes is the primary route in occupational settings; ingestion is common in children.

Ebola is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals (e.g., bats, primates) to humans.

Research questions guide inquiry but are not a data-collection method; they define what data to collect.

Silicosis leads to progressive lung fibrosis, respiratory failure, and high mortality.

Tetanus is not contagious; isolation is not required for transmission control.

Inability to breastfeed/drink plus chest indrawing indicates severe pneumonia (or very severe disease) per IMCI guidelines.

Sensitivity = proportion of true positives correctly identified; specificity = true negatives correctly identified.

Procedures specify the required methods for carrying out future activities.

Lack of dependent and independent variables makes a research problem non-viable.

Industry/target market feasibility analysis assesses industry sufficiency and target market demand.

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability (reading disorder) classified under intellectual/developmental disabilities.

Forecasting, financing, and procurement are all essential capacities for achieving contraceptive security.

Many modern diseases are linked to known carcinogens (e.g., tobacco, asbestos, pollutants).

A hypothesis is a testable statement, not a type of research question.

Citrate in ORS enhances stability and shelf life by preventing precipitation.

In many African health facilities, pharmacy technicians or equivalent staff often handle supply chain tasks.

Lead poisoning is the most common heavy metal poisoning globally, especially in children.

Innovation refers to the process of creating and implementing new ideas or products.

Henry Fayol is considered the father of administrative management for his systematic theory of management.

Tender swelling behind the ear suggests mastoiditis, a complication of otitis media.

OHN often faces ethical conflicts between obligations to employees and employer demands.

Espirit de corps emphasizes unity, teamwork, and morale (“union is strength”).

Scientific task planning assigns work based on time and motion studies of an average worker under normal conditions.

Quota sampling is a non-probability method; others listed are probability techniques.

Immunization provides specific protection against targeted infectious diseases.

Emerging diseases are closely monitored because they are increasing and not yet controlled, posing potential public health threats.

Diarrhea ?14 days with dehydration is classified as severe persistent diarrhea.

RR=0.86 suggests lower risk, but statistical significance (p-value/CI) is needed to rule out chance.

Silicosis, caused by silica dust inhalation, is a common occupational lung disease globally.

If a combined oral contraceptive pill is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered (even if two are taken the same day) to maintain contraceptive efficacy.

Lack of dependent and independent variables makes a research problem non-viable.

Objectivity (freedom from bias) ensures authenticity of findings.

Randomization reduces confounding by distributing known and unknown factors evenly between groups.

Arthropods (mosquitoes, ticks, fleas) are the most common biological vectors.

Visible severe wasting plus bilateral edema indicates severe acute malnutrition (SAM).

Topical tetracycline eye ointment is used for bacterial eye infection in measles.

Rehabilitation focuses on physical, mental, and social restoration; “bio-physiological” is not a standard category.

History of convulsions or neurological reactions is an absolute contraindication for pertussis vaccine.

F.W. Taylor is the founder of Scientific Management, emphasizing efficiency and systematic work methods.

Chest indrawing distinguishes pneumonia from severe pneumonia in IMCI.

Pre-employment medical assessment is a standard component of occupational health management.

Market analysis identifies and describes the target customer segment the business intends to serve.

Standard Days Method (using CycleBeads) requires regular menstrual cycles between 26 and 32 days.

Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) targets preventable childhood diseases.

Pesticides are known to pose health risks (e.g., toxicity, carcinogenicity) to humans.

Formal organization emphasizes defined authority, roles, and hierarchical structure.

Alopecia (hair loss) is not a typical sign of zinc deficiency; common signs include diarrhea, taste changes, rash, and paresthesias.

Historically, leaded gasoline exhaust was a major source of environmental lead poisoning.

The percent-of-sales method calculates expenses as a percentage of net sales.

Interdisciplinary research integrates multiple disciplines for a holistic understanding of complex issues.

IUDs, Depo-Provera injections, and combined oral contraceptives can all cause changes in menstrual bleeding patterns.

Age <35 is not a contraindication; risks include extremes of age, poor obstetric history, and socioeconomic factors.

A hypothesis is a testable statement, not a type of research question.

Value-based pricing is product-oriented, setting prices based on perceived product value.

Home delivery advantages include convenience, comfort, familiarity, and often lower cost.

Essential baby items include towels, clothing, diapers, and bathing supplies.

Coordination aligns individual efforts to achieve collective organizational goals.

Gross profit (or gross margin) is sales revenue minus the cost of goods sold.

Informal organization often leads to higher job satisfaction and productivity due to social bonds.

Strategies are plans designed to respond to environmental challenges and opportunities.

Autoclaving (moist heat under pressure) effectively disinfects sputum by killing pathogens including TB bacilli.

Interdisciplinary research integrates multiple disciplines for a holistic understanding of complex issues.

“Braggadocios” likely refers to ergotism or grain mold; prevention includes moisture control, antifungal sprays, and PPE.

Gerontological nursing standards stress proper documentation of health data for continuity and quality care.

Organizing involves assembling and allocating resources to achieve business objectives.

Intrapreneurship (corporate venture) is entrepreneurship within an existing organization.

Tetracycline (or doxycycline) is the first-line antibiotic for cholera.

Assumptions are shaped by cultural context, societal norms, and background.

A promotion-by-seniority policy guides decision-making on employee advancement.

Restlessness can occur in mild/moderate dehydration; severe dehydration signs include lethargy, sunken eyes, and slow skin pinch.

An operational business plan details internal activities and processes for company execution.

RCTs randomly assign interventions to evaluate effectiveness under controlled conditions.

Skin cancer (e.g., from UV, chemicals) is a frequent occupational cancer.

Lysol (a phenolic compound) is a potent disinfectant; phenol, dettol, and potassium permanganate are less powerful.

Phthalates are plasticizers used in vinyl flooring that can off-gas and affect indoor air quality.

Betrimide (benzalkonium chloride) is a quaternary ammonium compound, not a chlorine-based disinfectant.

Lead sulfide is less soluble and less toxic compared to other lead compounds like oxides, carbonates, or arsenates.

Stiff neck is a sign of meningitis, not measles.

Family and community participation is essential; decision-making is not limited to family members.

Nurses are mandated reporters; suspected elder abuse requires notification to Adult Protective Services before discharge.

Miner’s nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) results from prolonged work in poor lighting.

Biological vector transmission involves the vector being part of the pathogen’s life cycle.

Amoxicillin is the first-line antibiotic for pneumonia, mastoiditis, and other severe bacterial infections in IMCI.

Research requires flexibility and perseverance to adapt to unexpected challenges.

Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic test for chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome.

Cholera vaccines offer short-term protection (months), not long-lasting immunity.

Cohort studies calculate relative risk (RR) by comparing disease incidence between exposed and unexposed groups.

Environment and Human Health is an organization focused on protecting health from environmental risks.

Adaptive feeding strategies (e.g., mugs for soup, finger foods) support independence and adequate intake in dementia.

Lead sulfide is less soluble and less toxic compared to lead oxides, carbonates, and arsenates.

A fomite is an inanimate object that can harbor pathogens and transmit infection.

A limited partnership offers liability protection for limited partners while allowing general partners to manage.

Sentinel surveillance aims to estimate total disease burden by monitoring selected sites/cases.

Keratomalacia (corneal ulceration/softening) due to Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of nutritional blindness in young children.

Primary financial objectives are liquidity, profitability, efficiency, and long-term stability.

Intellectual disability is defined by subaverage IQ, deficits in adaptive functioning, and onset before age 18.

Chi-square is a statistical test used for categorical data analysis.

Isolation prevents transmission of pertussis (whooping cough) during the contagious phase.

Henry Fayol defined management as forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.

Enhancing objectives involves improving validity, reliability, and impartiality.

Cohort studies follow groups over time; case-control studies look back after outcomes occur.

A symposium involves a series of prepared speeches by experts on a specific topic.

The threat of substitutes is low when there are few alternatives, allowing higher pricing and profitability.

Observation is essential; reference collection is not a core step in experimental design.

Leptospirosis, brucellosis, and anthrax are all recognized occupational diseases from biological agents.

Prevalence increases if survival with the disease lengthens (more existing cases).

Descriptive, philosophical, and action research all contribute to research development.

The six rights of supply chain are: right product, quantity, condition, place, time, and cost. “Right consumer” is not one of them.

“Avoidability” is not a principle of PHC accessibility; availability, acceptability, accessibility, and affordability are.

Family is a subunit within a community, not a dimension of the community itself.

The Board of Directors governs major corporate policies and strategic decisions.

Rehabilitation focuses on comfort measures like skin care, nutrition, and hygiene.

In IMCI classification, “No pneumonia: cough or cold” is coded green (home care).

Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder affecting communication and behavior.

“Prevention” aims to reduce disease frequency to acceptable levels; control, elimination, and eradication are related but distinct.

Enhancing objectives involves improving validity, reliability, and impartiality.

Distribution channels (e.g., retailers, wholesalers) often provide new product ideas and marketing support.

Lead poisoning is widespread, especially in children, due to environmental and occupational exposure.

Social relevance ensures the research addresses meaningful societal needs or issues.

Strategic planning is long-range planning focused on defining organizational goals and strategies.