Public Health Pre-Weeding Test 2 (Paper 2)

Pesticides are known to pose health risks (e.g., toxicity, carcinogenicity) to humans.

The percent-of-sales method calculates expenses as a percentage of net sales.

Industry/target market feasibility analysis assesses industry sufficiency and target market demand.

Intellectual disability is defined by subaverage IQ, deficits in adaptive functioning, and onset before age 18.

Standard Days Method (using CycleBeads) requires regular menstrual cycles between 26 and 32 days.

Sampling cases extends beyond people to include texts, media, events, etc.

IUDs, Depo-Provera injections, and combined oral contraceptives can all cause changes in menstrual bleeding patterns.

Organic dust (e.g., from grains, textiles) is a widespread occupational hazard, especially in agriculture and manufacturing.

Shaken baby syndrome (abusive head trauma) can cause brain injury and intellectual disability.

Skin cancer (e.g., from UV, chemicals) is a frequent occupational cancer.

Post-delivery care includes bladder emptying, perineal inspection, blood loss estimation, and baby cleaning with weighing.

Espirit de corps emphasizes unity, teamwork, and morale (“union is strength”).

Visible severe wasting plus bilateral edema indicates severe acute malnutrition (SAM).

Organizing involves assembling and allocating resources to achieve business objectives.

Feasibility requires utility, novelty, and researchability.

Entrepreneurship involves pursuing opportunities regardless of currently controlled resources.

If a combined oral contraceptive pill is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered (even if two are taken the same day) to maintain contraceptive efficacy.

Exposure refers to any contact with a factor (harmful or beneficial) that may affect health.

Chi-square is a statistical test used for categorical data analysis.

“Avoidability” is not a principle of PHC accessibility; availability, acceptability, accessibility, and affordability are.

Topical tetracycline eye ointment is used for bacterial eye infection in measles.

Prevalence increases if survival with the disease lengthens (more existing cases).

Insecticide exposure (e.g., organophosphates) is linked to lung cancer risk among other health effects.

Silicosis leads to progressive lung fibrosis, respiratory failure, and high mortality.

Strategic planning is long-range planning focused on defining organizational goals and strategies.

Silicosis, caused by silica dust inhalation, is a common occupational lung disease globally.

Immunization provides specific protection against targeted infectious diseases.

Savlon contains cetavlon (cetrimide) and hibitane (chlorhexidine).

Peter F. Drucker defined management as an organ defined by its functions.

Research is a systematic, active, problem-oriented process; “not a process” is incorrect.

Descriptive, philosophical, and action research all contribute to research development.

Line charts effectively display trends over continuous time intervals.

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability (reading disorder) classified under intellectual/developmental disabilities.

Abused child syndrome encompasses various abuse-related injuries and neglect leading to intellectual disability.

Mroz attributed 80% of workplace accidents to unsafe human behaviors.

Coordination aligns individual efforts to achieve collective organizational goals.

Citrate in ORS enhances stability and shelf life by preventing precipitation.

Interdisciplinary research integrates multiple disciplines for a holistic understanding of complex issues.

Census provides complete population data; surveys are sample-based.

Louis Allan defined management as “what a manager does.”

Gross profit (or gross margin) is sales revenue minus the cost of goods sold.

Scalar chain refers to the clear line of authority from top to bottom in an organization.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical method comparing means across groups, often one-way.

Biological vector transmission involves the vector being part of the pathogen’s life cycle.

Chest indrawing is a key sign for severe pneumonia classification.

Airborne diseases (e.g., TB, measles) spread easily via aerosols, making containment difficult.

Many modern diseases are linked to known carcinogens (e.g., tobacco, asbestos, pollutants).

A limited partnership includes both general partners (unlimited liability) and limited partners (liability limited to investment).

Lack of dependent and independent variables makes a research problem non-viable.

Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) targets preventable childhood diseases.

Correlation analysis measures the association (relationship) between variables.

Quota sampling is a non-probability method; others listed are probability techniques.

The threat of substitutes is low when there are few alternatives, allowing higher pricing and profitability.

Historically, leaded gasoline exhaust was a major environmental source; though phased out, legacy contamination persists.

Combining multiple service delivery points, community health workers, and out-of-clinic distribution increases family planning accessibility and acceptability.

A hypothesis is a testable statement, not a type of research question.

Feasibility requires utility, novelty, and researchability.

Enhancing objectives involves improving validity, reliability, and impartiality.

Health assessment (including pre-employment exams) is a core occupational health activity, not an exclusion.

Rehabilitation is a component, but not a fundamental core part; health education, counseling, and supervision are core.

Randomization reduces confounding by distributing known and unknown factors evenly between groups.

Cholera vaccines offer short-term protection (months), not long-lasting immunity.

Iron supplementation and deworming (if ?1 year) are standard treatments for anemia.

An operational business plan details internal activities and processes for company execution.

Rubella (MMR) vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy due to theoretical fetal risk.

Lead poisoning is the most common heavy metal poisoning globally, especially in children.

Chi-square is a statistical test used for categorical data analysis.

Vertical transmission occurs from mother to fetus via the placenta (e.g., HIV, rubella).

Pre-employment medical assessment is a standard component of occupational health management.

Acute ear infection (<14 days) is treated with oral antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin) and ear drying.

Innovation refers to the process of creating and implementing new ideas or products.

Forecasting, financing, and procurement are all essential capacities for achieving contraceptive security.

Sensitivity = proportion of true positives correctly identified; specificity = true negatives correctly identified.

Social status reflects an individual’s societal standing based on factors like wealth, occupation, education.

Assumptions are shaped by cultural context, societal norms, and background.

Research is a systematic, active, problem-oriented process; “not a process” is incorrect.

Case-control studies compare exposures between cases (disease) and controls (no disease).

Toxic shock syndrome has been reported as a rare complication following measles vaccination.

Ergonomics and toxicology are directly relevant to occupational health nursing, addressing workplace safety and chemical exposures.

Enhancing objectives involves improving validity, reliability, and impartiality.

Research requires flexibility and perseverance to adapt to unexpected challenges.

Economics focuses on efficient resource allocation, like matching jobs to suitable workers.

Tetracycline (or doxycycline) is the first-line antibiotic for cholera.

Scientific task planning assigns work based on time and motion studies of an average worker under normal conditions.

Betrimide (benzalkonium chloride) is a quaternary ammonium compound, not a chlorine-based disinfectant.

Silicosis, caused by inhaling silica dust, is one of the most common occupational lung diseases worldwide.

Assumptions are shaped by cultural context, societal norms, and background.

The marketing mix (4 Ps) consists of Product, Price, Promotion, and Place (distribution).

Correlation analysis measures the association (relationship) between variables.

Distribution channels (e.g., retailers, wholesalers) often provide new product ideas and marketing support.

Rehabilitation focuses on comfort measures like skin care, nutrition, and hygiene.

Fever with malaria risk and no other cause is classified as “Fever: Malaria likely.”

Combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen) are not recommended for breastfeeding women before 6 months postpartum due to potential milk supply reduction.

Inability to breastfeed/drink plus chest indrawing indicates severe pneumonia (or very severe disease) per IMCI guidelines.

Language barriers require immediate interpreter services to assess and address the family’s distress.

“Braggadocios” likely refers to ergotism or grain mold; prevention includes moisture control, antifungal sprays, and PPE.

Sentinel surveillance aims to estimate total disease burden by monitoring selected sites/cases.

Sampling cases extends beyond people to include texts, media, events, etc.

Nurses are mandated reporters; suspected elder abuse requires notification to Adult Protective Services before discharge.

Quota sampling is a non-probability method; others listed are probability techniques.

Primary financial objectives are liquidity, profitability, efficiency, and long-term stability.

Restlessness can occur in mild/moderate dehydration; severe dehydration signs include lethargy, sunken eyes, and slow skin pinch.

Social relevance ensures the research addresses meaningful societal needs or issues.

Emerging diseases are closely monitored because they are increasing and not yet controlled, posing potential public health threats.

Henry Fayol is considered the father of administrative management for his systematic theory of management.

Procedures are step-by-step instructions for implementing policies and achieving objectives.

Limited resources, competing priorities, and weak health systems collectively hinder global vaccine coverage.

Stiff neck is a sign of meningitis, not measles.

Ebola is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals (e.g., bats, primates) to humans.

OHN often faces ethical conflicts between obligations to employees and employer demands.

Cohort studies follow groups over time; case-control studies look back after outcomes occur.

The Access Framework components are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability. Quality Assurance is not one of them.

Strategies are plans designed to respond to environmental challenges and opportunities.

A limited partnership offers liability protection for limited partners while allowing general partners to manage.

“General and Industrial Management” is a classic book written by Henry Fayol.

Intrapreneurship (corporate venture) is entrepreneurship within an existing organization.

Dysentery is defined by the presence of blood in stool.

History of convulsions or neurological reactions is an absolute contraindication for pertussis vaccine.

Interdisciplinary research integrates multiple disciplines for a holistic understanding of complex issues.

The scientific method aims to introduce and test new variables to explain phenomena.

A hypothesis is a testable statement, not a type of research question.

Newborns not needing resuscitation are typically term, breathing/crying, and have good muscle tone.

Alopecia (hair loss) is not a typical sign of zinc deficiency; common signs include diarrhea, taste changes, rash, and paresthesias.

Inhalation of lead dust/fumes is the primary route in occupational settings; ingestion is common in children.

Family is a subunit within a community, not a dimension of the community itself.

Literature review reveals existing knowledge, theories, key contributors, and gaps.

Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic test for chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome.

Historically, leaded gasoline exhaust was a major source of environmental lead poisoning.

Social status reflects an individual’s societal standing based on factors like wealth, occupation, education.

Declining vaccination rates can reduce herd immunity, allowing previously controlled diseases to reemerge.

Research questions guide inquiry but are not a data-collection method; they define what data to collect.

Routine chlorination of water is a pre-current (preventive) disinfection measure.

Unity of command ensures each employee reports to one supervisor to avoid conflicting instructions.

Environment and Human Health is an organization focused on protecting health from environmental risks.

A fomite is an inanimate object that can harbor pathogens and transmit infection.

Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) is a WHO strategy to make rehabilitation accessible at the community level.

Harold Koontz described management as “the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups.”

Distribution channels (e.g., retailers, wholesalers) often provide new product ideas and marketing support.

Domiciliary midwifery involves home delivery services by a community midwife or flying squad with a delivery kit.

Essential baby items include towels, clothing, diapers, and bathing supplies.

Socratic method involves dialogue and questioning, representing two-way communication.

Home delivery advantages include convenience, comfort, familiarity, and often lower cost.

Lead sulfide is less soluble and less toxic compared to lead oxides, carbonates, and arsenates.

Ergonomic problems are a major occupational health issue; psychological, social, and environmental problems also occur.

F.W. Taylor is the founder of Scientific Management, emphasizing efficiency and systematic work methods.

Keratomalacia (corneal ulceration/softening) due to Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of nutritional blindness in young children.

Epidemiology’s primary objective is identifying risk factors to inform prevention.

Vaccination is a control measure, not a core step of outbreak investigation (steps: detection, confirmation, description, cause identification, control).

Value-based pricing is product-oriented, setting prices based on perceived product value.

Research questions guide inquiry but are not a data-collection method; they define what data to collect.

The Board of Directors governs major corporate policies and strategic decisions.

Occupational health falls under preventive medicine, focusing on disease prevention and health promotion.

Intrapreneurship (corporate venture) is entrepreneurship within an existing organization.

Cohort studies calculate relative risk (RR) by comparing disease incidence between exposed and unexposed groups.

Descriptive, philosophical, and action research all contribute to research development.

Lead poisoning is widespread, especially in children, due to environmental and occupational exposure.

Dysentery (bloody diarrhea) is typically treated with antibiotics like ciprofloxacin.

Occupational health is a branch of preventive medicine focused on workplace health and safety.

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) like Artemeter-Lumefantrine are first-line oral antimalarials.

Vocational rehabilitation restores work capacity and function after illness/injury.

Age <35 is not a contraindication; risks include extremes of age, poor obstetric history, and socioeconomic factors.

Questionnaires efficiently gather standardized data from a large urban population on political opinions.

Amoxicillin is the first-line antibiotic for pneumonia, mastoiditis, and other severe bacterial infections in IMCI.

Miner’s nystagmus (oscillating eye movements) is caused by prolonged work in poor lighting, such as in mining.

Some palmar pallor indicates anemia (moderate), while severe palmar pallor indicates severe anemia.

A programme is a set of sequenced instructions to accomplish a specific task.

The six rights of supply chain are: right product, quantity, condition, place, time, and cost. “Right consumer” is not one of them.

Measles does not typically combine active and passive immunization; hepatitis B, rabies, and tetanus do.

A promotion-by-seniority policy guides decision-making on employee advancement.

Autoclaving (moist heat under pressure) effectively disinfects sputum by killing pathogens including TB bacilli.

Measures of effect (e.g., RR, OR) quantify the strength of association between exposure and outcome.

Social relevance ensures the research addresses meaningful societal needs or issues.

Fast breathing without chest indrawing or danger signs = pneumonia classification.

In IMCI classification, “No pneumonia: cough or cold” is coded green (home care).

Adaptive feeding strategies (e.g., mugs for soup, finger foods) support independence and adequate intake in dementia.

Secondary attack rate measures spread from primary cases to contacts, indicating communicability.

Leptospirosis, brucellosis, and anthrax are all recognized occupational diseases from biological agents.

Rehabilitation focuses on physical, mental, and social restoration; “bio-physiological” is not a standard category.

Causal inference considers strength, temporality, reversibility, consistency, etc.

Arthropods (mosquitoes, ticks, fleas) are the most common biological vectors.

Organic dust (e.g., from agriculture, textiles) is a widespread occupational hazard.

Phthalates are plasticizers used in vinyl flooring that can off-gas and affect indoor air quality.

Research requires flexibility and perseverance to adapt to unexpected challenges.

Lead sulfide is less soluble and less toxic compared to other lead compounds like oxides, carbonates, or arsenates.

Lack of dependent and independent variables makes a research problem non-viable.

Isolation prevents transmission of pertussis (whooping cough) during the contagious phase.

The aim is to assess home environment risks, such as presence of an imbecile (intellectually disabled) child.

Informal organization often leads to higher job satisfaction and productivity due to social bonds.

Responsibility is the duty to perform assigned tasks and deliver expected outcomes.

Symptomatic relief (like soothing throat) is not a primary treatment for severe pneumonia; antibiotics and supportive care are key.

Gentian violet is applied to mouth ulcers for antifungal/antibacterial effect.

An outbreak is a sudden increase in disease cases in a specific community or area.

Research depth is gauged by the scope and specificity of its objectives.

Poor coordination is a human factor, not a precipitating factor; environmental, machinery, and work-related factors are precipitating.

Home visits should be purposeful and flexible, but not necessarily weekly or rigidly scheduled.

Formal organization is characterized by written rules, duties, and defined structures.

Objectivity (freedom from bias) ensures authenticity of findings.

Community health nursing promotes client responsibility and self-care; it does not inhibit it.

Observation is essential; reference collection is not a core step in experimental design.

“Prevention” aims to reduce disease frequency to acceptable levels; control, elimination, and eradication are related but distinct.