Public Health Pre-Weeding Test 2 (Paper 2)

Phthalates are plasticizers used in vinyl flooring that can off-gas and affect indoor air quality.

In IMCI classification, “No pneumonia: cough or cold” is coded green (home care).

WHO recommends deworming every 6 months from age 1 year in endemic areas.

Lysol (a phenolic compound) is a potent disinfectant; phenol, dettol, and potassium permanganate are less powerful.

History of convulsions or neurological reactions is an absolute contraindication for pertussis vaccine.

Isolation prevents transmission of pertussis (whooping cough) during the contagious phase.

Unity of command ensures each employee reports to one supervisor to avoid conflicting instructions.

A hypothesis is a testable statement, not a type of research question.

Literature review reveals existing knowledge, theories, key contributors, and gaps.

Organic dust (e.g., from grains, textiles) is a widespread occupational hazard, especially in agriculture and manufacturing.

Facial pallor (due to anemia) is an early, consistent sign of lead poisoning.

Betrimide (benzalkonium chloride) is a quaternary ammonium compound, not a chlorine-based disinfectant.

Social relevance ensures the research addresses meaningful societal needs or issues.

Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic test for chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome.

Keratomalacia (corneal ulceration/softening) due to Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of nutritional blindness in young children.

Research questions guide inquiry but are not a data-collection method; they define what data to collect.

Lead sulfide is less soluble and less toxic compared to other lead compounds like oxides, carbonates, or arsenates.

Rehabilitation focuses on physical, mental, and social restoration; “bio-physiological” is not a standard category.

Essential baby items include towels, clothing, diapers, and bathing supplies.

Miner’s nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) results from prolonged work in poor lighting.

Organic dust (e.g., from agriculture, textiles) is a widespread occupational hazard.

Budgets are quantitative plans expressing expected financial outcomes over a specific period.

Innovation refers to the process of creating and implementing new ideas or products.

Lead sulfide is less soluble and less toxic compared to lead oxides, carbonates, and arsenates.

Peter F. Drucker defined management as an organ defined by its functions.

Descriptive, philosophical, and action research all contribute to research development.

Autoclaving (moist heat under pressure) effectively disinfects sputum by killing pathogens including TB bacilli.

Chi-square is a statistical test used for categorical data analysis.

Standard Days Method (using CycleBeads) requires regular menstrual cycles between 26 and 32 days.

Miner’s nystagmus (oscillating eye movements) is caused by prolonged work in poor lighting, such as in mining.

Alopecia (hair loss) is not a typical sign of zinc deficiency; common signs include diarrhea, taste changes, rash, and paresthesias.

A limited partnership includes both general partners (unlimited liability) and limited partners (liability limited to investment).

Line charts effectively display trends over continuous time intervals.

Rehabilitation focuses on comfort measures like skin care, nutrition, and hygiene.

Acute ear infection (<14 days) is treated with oral antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin) and ear drying.

Gross profit (or gross margin) is sales revenue minus the cost of goods sold.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical method comparing means across groups, often one-way.

Age <35 is not a contraindication; risks include extremes of age, poor obstetric history, and socioeconomic factors.

Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) targets preventable childhood diseases.

Objectivity (freedom from bias) ensures authenticity of findings.

Language barriers require immediate interpreter services to assess and address the family’s distress.

Forecasting, financing, and procurement are all essential capacities for achieving contraceptive security.

Inability to breastfeed/drink plus chest indrawing indicates severe pneumonia (or very severe disease) per IMCI guidelines.

Research is a systematic, active, problem-oriented process; “not a process” is incorrect.

Scientific task planning assigns work based on time and motion studies of an average worker under normal conditions.

Lead poisoning is widespread, especially in children, due to environmental and occupational exposure.

Cohort studies follow groups over time; case-control studies look back after outcomes occur.

Harold Koontz described management as “the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups.”

A promotion-by-seniority policy guides decision-making on employee advancement.

Assumptions are shaped by cultural context, societal norms, and background.

Research is a systematic, active, problem-oriented process; “not a process” is incorrect.

Primary financial objectives are liquidity, profitability, efficiency, and long-term stability.

Cohort studies calculate relative risk (RR) by comparing disease incidence between exposed and unexposed groups.

Quota sampling is a non-probability method; others listed are probability techniques.

Dysentery (bloody diarrhea) is typically treated with antibiotics like ciprofloxacin.

Research requires flexibility and perseverance to adapt to unexpected challenges.

Formal organization emphasizes defined authority, roles, and hierarchical structure.

Airborne diseases (e.g., TB, measles) spread easily via aerosols, making containment difficult.

Post-delivery care includes bladder emptying, perineal inspection, blood loss estimation, and baby cleaning with weighing.

The threat of substitutes is low when there are few alternatives, allowing higher pricing and profitability.

Stiff neck is a sign of meningitis, not measles.

Strategies are plans designed to respond to environmental challenges and opportunities.

Espirit de corps emphasizes unity, teamwork, and morale (“union is strength”).

Responsibility is the duty to perform assigned tasks and deliver expected outcomes.

Leptospirosis, brucellosis, and anthrax are all recognized occupational diseases from biological agents.

Savlon contains cetavlon (cetrimide) and hibitane (chlorhexidine).

Ebola is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals (e.g., bats, primates) to humans.

Nurses are mandated reporters; suspected elder abuse requires notification to Adult Protective Services before discharge.

Corporate planning sets the overall direction and strategy for the entire organization.

Toxic shock syndrome has been reported as a rare complication following measles vaccination.

Socratic method involves dialogue and questioning, representing two-way communication.

Informal organization often leads to higher job satisfaction and productivity due to social bonds.

Enhancing objectives involves improving validity, reliability, and impartiality.

Procedures are step-by-step instructions for implementing policies and achieving objectives.

Social relevance ensures the research addresses meaningful societal needs or issues.

Declining vaccination rates can reduce herd immunity, allowing previously controlled diseases to reemerge.

Correlation analysis measures the association (relationship) between variables.

Fast breathing without chest indrawing or danger signs = pneumonia classification.

Entrepreneurship involves pursuing opportunities regardless of currently controlled resources.

Ergonomic problems are a major occupational health issue; psychological, social, and environmental problems also occur.

Tetanus is not contagious; isolation is not required for transmission control.

Scalar chain refers to the clear line of authority from top to bottom in an organization.

Amoxicillin is the first-line antibiotic for pneumonia, mastoiditis, and other severe bacterial infections in IMCI.

Dysentery is defined by the presence of blood in stool.

The percent-of-sales method calculates expenses as a percentage of net sales.

Secondary attack rate measures spread from primary cases to contacts, indicating communicability.

Vertical transmission occurs from mother to fetus via the placenta (e.g., HIV, rubella).

Case-control studies compare exposures between cases (disease) and controls (no disease).

Observation is essential; reference collection is not a core step in experimental design.

Informal organization focuses on social relationships, personal interactions, and group dynamics.

Community health nursing promotes client responsibility and self-care; it does not inhibit it.

Occupational health is a branch of preventive medicine focused on workplace health and safety.

Feasibility requires utility, novelty, and researchability.

Literature review reveals existing knowledge, theories, key contributors, and gaps.

Intrapreneurship (corporate venture) is entrepreneurship within an existing organization.

Many modern diseases are linked to known carcinogens (e.g., tobacco, asbestos, pollutants).

Sampling cases extends beyond people to include texts, media, events, etc.

Skin cancer (e.g., from UV, chemicals) is a frequent occupational cancer.

Intrapreneurship (corporate venture) is entrepreneurship within an existing organization.

Tetracycline (or doxycycline) is the first-line antibiotic for cholera.

Silicosis leads to progressive lung fibrosis, respiratory failure, and high mortality.

Social status reflects an individual’s societal standing based on factors like wealth, occupation, education.

Value-based pricing is product-oriented, setting prices based on perceived product value.

Chest indrawing distinguishes pneumonia from severe pneumonia in IMCI.

F.W. Taylor is the founder of Scientific Management, emphasizing efficiency and systematic work methods.

Questionnaires efficiently gather standardized data from a large urban population on political opinions.

RCTs randomly assign interventions to evaluate effectiveness under controlled conditions.

Formal organization is characterized by written rules, duties, and defined structures.

Leptospirosis, brucellosis, and anthrax are all recognized occupational diseases from biological agents.

The scientific method aims to introduce and test new variables to explain phenomena.

Topical tetracycline eye ointment is used for bacterial eye infection in measles.

Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder affecting communication and behavior.

Shaken baby syndrome (abusive head trauma) can cause brain injury and intellectual disability.

Arthropods (mosquitoes, ticks, fleas) are the most common biological vectors.

Incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point/period.

Epidemiology’s primary objective is identifying risk factors to inform prevention.

Emerging diseases are closely monitored because they are increasing and not yet controlled, posing potential public health threats.

Post-placement exams are daily for workers exposed to manganese due to its neurotoxic effects and rapid symptom onset.

Community health nursing is a continuous, population-focused practice.

Distribution channels (e.g., retailers, wholesalers) often provide new product ideas and marketing support.

Sampling cases extends beyond people to include texts, media, events, etc.

Biological vector transmission involves the vector being part of the pathogen’s life cycle.

RR=0.86 suggests lower risk, but statistical significance (p-value/CI) is needed to rule out chance.

Inhalation of lead dust/fumes is the primary route in occupational settings; ingestion is common in children.

Immunization provides specific protection against targeted infectious diseases.

Sensitivity = proportion of true positives correctly identified; specificity = true negatives correctly identified.

Measures of effect (e.g., RR, OR) quantify the strength of association between exposure and outcome.

Assumptions are shaped by cultural context, societal norms, and background.

Innovation refers to the process of creating and implementing new ideas or products.

Intellectual disability is defined by subaverage IQ, deficits in adaptive functioning, and onset before age 18.

Collecting dietary data before symptom onset reduces recall bias in cohort studies.

Rehabilitation is a component, but not a fundamental core part; health education, counseling, and supervision are core.

Diarrhea ?14 days with dehydration is classified as severe persistent diarrhea.

Newborns not needing resuscitation are typically term, breathing/crying, and have good muscle tone.

Social status reflects an individual’s societal standing based on factors like wealth, occupation, education.

Domiciliary midwifery involves home delivery services by a community midwife or flying squad with a delivery kit.

“Prevention” aims to reduce disease frequency to acceptable levels; control, elimination, and eradication are related but distinct.

Mroz attributed 80% of workplace accidents to unsafe human behaviors.

Interdisciplinary research integrates multiple disciplines for a holistic understanding of complex issues.

West Nile virus is emerging in new regions; reemerging diseases are previously controlled but resurging (e.g., drug-resistant TB, malaria).

Silicosis, caused by silica dust inhalation, is a common occupational lung disease globally.

Environment and Human Health is an organization focused on protecting health from environmental risks.

Community health nursing process (assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation) is the systematic tool for community-oriented care.

Family is a subunit within a community, not a dimension of the community itself.

Sentinel surveillance aims to estimate total disease burden by monitoring selected sites/cases.

Distribution channels (e.g., retailers, wholesalers) often provide new product ideas and marketing support.

Quota sampling is a non-probability method; others listed are probability techniques.

Gentian violet is applied to mouth ulcers for antifungal/antibacterial effect.

A symposium involves a series of prepared speeches by experts on a specific topic.

A limited partnership offers liability protection for limited partners while allowing general partners to manage.

Previous stillbirth is a risk factor requiring careful assessment for home delivery suitability.

Entrepreneurship involves pursuing opportunities regardless of currently controlled resources.

“Braggadocios” likely refers to ergotism or grain mold; prevention includes moisture control, antifungal sprays, and PPE.

Questionnaires efficiently gather standardized data from a large urban population on political opinions.

IUDs, Depo-Provera injections, and combined oral contraceptives can all cause changes in menstrual bleeding patterns.

Observation is essential; reference collection is not a core step in experimental design.

Abused child syndrome encompasses various abuse-related injuries and neglect leading to intellectual disability.

Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) is a WHO strategy to make rehabilitation accessible at the community level.

Home delivery advantages include convenience, comfort, familiarity, and often lower cost.

A hypothesis is a testable statement, not a type of research question.

The Access Framework components are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability. Quality Assurance is not one of them.

Research depth is gauged by the scope and specificity of its objectives.

Limited resources, competing priorities, and weak health systems collectively hinder global vaccine coverage.

Procedures specify the required methods for carrying out future activities.

Descriptive, philosophical, and action research all contribute to research development.

Gerontological nursing standards stress proper documentation of health data for continuity and quality care.

Salk vaccine is inactivated (killed); BCG, Sabin, and measles are live attenuated.

If a combined oral contraceptive pill is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered (even if two are taken the same day) to maintain contraceptive efficacy.

Tuberculosis is an ancient, well-known disease, not newly emerging.

For wheezing with fast breathing or chest indrawing, a trial of inhaled bronchodilator is indicated to assess reversibility before referral.

Causal inference considers strength, temporality, reversibility, consistency, etc.

Combining multiple service delivery points, community health workers, and out-of-clinic distribution increases family planning accessibility and acceptability.

A programme is a set of sequenced instructions to accomplish a specific task.

Chi-square is a statistical test used for categorical data analysis.

Feasibility requires utility, novelty, and researchability.

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) like Artemeter-Lumefantrine are first-line oral antimalarials.

Interdisciplinary research integrates multiple disciplines for a holistic understanding of complex issues.

Henry Fayol defined management as forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.

Tender swelling behind the ear suggests mastoiditis, a complication of otitis media.

Combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen) are not recommended for breastfeeding women before 6 months postpartum due to potential milk supply reduction.

Adaptive feeding strategies (e.g., mugs for soup, finger foods) support independence and adequate intake in dementia.

Industry/target market feasibility analysis assesses industry sufficiency and target market demand.

Research questions guide inquiry but are not a data-collection method; they define what data to collect.

Strategic planning is long-range planning focused on defining organizational goals and strategies.

Market analysis identifies and describes the target customer segment the business intends to serve.

Adding whole meal flour may increase fiber and bulk without significantly increasing energy density, which is less effective for appetite stimulation in older adults.

Historically, leaded gasoline exhaust was a major environmental source; though phased out, legacy contamination persists.

Lack of dependent and independent variables makes a research problem non-viable.

Research requires flexibility and perseverance to adapt to unexpected challenges.

Chest indrawing is a key sign for severe pneumonia classification.

Coordination aligns individual efforts to achieve collective organizational goals.

Rubella (MMR) vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy due to theoretical fetal risk.

“Avoidability” is not a principle of PHC accessibility; availability, acceptability, accessibility, and affordability are.

Some palmar pallor indicates anemia (moderate), while severe palmar pallor indicates severe anemia.

Symptomatic relief (like soothing throat) is not a primary treatment for severe pneumonia; antibiotics and supportive care are key.

Accident prevention requires shared responsibility between management and workers, not management alone.

Vaccination is a control measure, not a core step of outbreak investigation (steps: detection, confirmation, description, cause identification, control).

Home visits should be purposeful and flexible, but not necessarily weekly or rigidly scheduled.

Organizing involves assembling and allocating resources to achieve business objectives.

Research depth is gauged by the scope and specificity of its objectives.