Public Health Pre-Weeding Test 1 (Paper 1)

Fetal station is correctly defined as the level of the fetus’s presenting part in relationship to the mother’s ischial spines.

Immediate assessment of the client after an accident is the first priority to determine injuries and necessary care before notification or intervention.

Laboratory studies are conducted in controlled, artificial settings that do not replicate real-world environmental conditions.

Bowel pattern assessment includes consistency, color, amount, and frequency.

Programming errors are commonly called “bugs.”

Pericoronal abscess occurs around a partially erupted tooth, often wisdom teeth.

Social rehabilitation restores social roles and relationships after illness/disability.

Reproductive health commodity security means individuals can choose, obtain, and use quality essential reproductive health products when needed.

Oral drugs pass through the liver before systemic circulation, undergoing significant first-pass metabolism.

Media play a crucial role in disseminating warnings and information for disaster prevention.

Descriptive studies describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon (who, what, when, where, how much) without establishing causality.

Newborns not needing resuscitation are typically term, breathing/crying, and have good muscle tone.

Genetic factors, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity are major modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

The Rinne test compares air conduction vs. bone conduction to assess hearing and differentiate conductive from sensorineural hearing loss.

Combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen) are not recommended for breastfeeding women before 6 months postpartum due to potential milk supply reduction.

The five Rights of Supervision are: Right task, Right circumstances, Right person, Right direction/communication, and Right supervision/feedback.

The Dimensions Model of Health typically includes Biophysical, Psychological/Emotional, Behavioral, Health Systems, and Social/Environmental dimensions. The Spiritual Dimension is not a standard element.

Rapid sand filters require frequent backwashing to clean the filter bed.

In dark-skinned individuals, jaundice is best observed in the sclera and mucous membranes.

LAN (Local Area Network) is used for internal communication within a limited area like an institution.

Man-made disasters include chemical explosions, wars, and toxic waste leaks.

Nonprobability sampling does not use random selection and does not aim for statistical representativeness.

Using a bedsheet as a restraint is illegal (false imprisonment) and a crime, not a safety measure.

Real-time video simulates live broadcasting with minimal delay over the internet.

In many African health facilities, auxiliary or non-clinical staff often handle supply chain tasks like inventory and distribution.

Emergencies are typically manageable by local emergency services; disasters exceed local capacity.

Slander is oral defamation; libel is written. Assault is threat of harm; battery is actual physical contact.

Establishing trust and a therapeutic relationship is the first step in de-escalation and violence prevention, before considering restrictive interventions.

Facebook is a social media platform, not a web browser (e.g., Firefox, Chrome, Safari are browsers).

Evaluating effectiveness of a hypertension stress management series is best done by comparing blood pressure readings before, during, and after the series to track changes over time.

The pad of the finger is not recommended for blood glucose monitoring because it is more sensitive and has fewer capillaries. The side of the finger is preferred.

John Snow is considered the father of public health for his work on cholera transmission.

Time management is the skill most directly linked to prioritizing and completing tasks for multiple clients efficiently.

1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 Megabytes (MB) in binary systems.

McBurney’s point, located in the right lower quadrant, is tender in appendicitis.

Intussusception is a telescoping of one segment of intestine into an adjacent segment, often seen in infants.

Contraceptive implants contain only progestin, making them safe for breastfeeding as estrogen can reduce milk supply.

SO? is a key indicator of industrial air pollution (e.g., from fossil fuels).

Standard Days Method (using CycleBeads) requires regular menstrual cycles between 26 and 32 days.

Acute pain is the priority nursing diagnosis in peptic ulcer disease.

bit = binary digit, the smallest unit of data (0 or 1) in computing.

Field studies are conducted in real-world settings where actual environmental conditions naturally occur.

Standard keyboards typically have at least 101 keys (including function, numeric, and control keys).

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the primary disinfecting agent from chlorine.

Performance improvement focuses on achieving optimal client outcomes through systematic enhancement of care.

For choking, initial first aid is five back blows between the shoulder blades to dislodge the obstruction.

Veracity (truthfulness) in nursing involves fully and honestly answering client questions without withholding information.

The Copper-T380A IUD is effective for up to 12 years of continuous use.

Combining multiple service delivery points, community health workers, and out-of-clinic distribution increases family planning accessibility and acceptability.

Pain management (analgesics, hydration, oxygenation) is a primary intervention during a sickle cell crisis to relieve severe pain from vaso-occlusion.

Delirium (acute confusion) can cause visual hallucinations and fluctuating cognition, often triggered by dehydration and anticholinergic drugs.

Immediate nursing action for transfusion reaction is to stop transfusion and monitor vitals to ensure stability before further steps.

The “Ten Rights” typically include Right patient, medication, dose, route, time, documentation, education, assessment, evaluation, and refusal. “Right verification” is not a standard listed right.

Purposive sampling involves selecting participants based on specific characteristics relevant to the study.

Blood type B negative has A agglutinins (antibodies) and lacks the Rh factor. Therefore, the client can receive B- or O- blood, but not A or AB.

A therapeutic milieu is a structured, consistent environment designed to support healing and promote psychological and physical health.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a specific web page or resource on the internet.

If a combined oral contraceptive pill is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered (even if two are taken the same day) to maintain contraceptive efficacy.

Placebo effects arise from psychological factors like patient-provider relationship, therapeutic setting, and expectations.

In a suspected transfusion reaction, the immediate action is to stop the transfusion to prevent further harm while monitoring the client.

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

Bioavailability is the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches systemic circulation after administration.

Mesosomes in bacteria are involved in respiration, cell division, and sporulation.

Android is a mobile operating system; others are desktop OS or not OS.

A byte is typically 8 bits (binary digits).

Longitudinal objective evaluation of time management is best done by collecting and analyzing outcome data over time, rather than one-time observations.

Coliform bacteria indicate fecal contamination; others listed are also fecal indicators.

Malpractice requires: duty, breach of duty, causation, foreseeability, harm/damage, and injury (direct or indirect).

The six rights of supply chain are: right product, quantity, condition, place, time, and cost. “Right customers” is not one of them.

A psychrometer measures relative humidity using wet and dry bulb thermometers.

Operating system (OS) manages hardware/software resources and provides user interface.

A monitor is an output device; input devices send data to a computer.

Forecasting, financing, and procurement are all essential capacities for achieving contraceptive security.

Exposure to toxins and mold post-disaster is an environmental health consequence.

Assessment is the first and most critical step in the nursing process, as it informs all subsequent steps.

Phototherapy is often used for hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice). Monitoring stool color (which may turn greenish) helps assess bilirubin excretion.

Projective techniques (e.g., word association, picture interpretation) uncover subconscious or hidden thoughts/feelings.

A chemical restraint is defined as a drug used for discipline or convenience, not to treat medical symptoms.

The nurse’s role in informed consent is to witness the client’s signature, not to obtain consent or explain the procedure.

Amylase breaks down starch into sugars.

A second nurse is required to verify patient identity, blood product, and compatibility before administering blood (double-check procedure).

The motherboard is the main circuit board connecting all internal components.

A computer virus is malicious software (malware) that replicates and infects files/programs.

The vastus lateralis muscle is the preferred IM site for neonates and infants due to its size and absence of major nerves/blood vessels.

In Standard Days Method (SDM) using CycleBeads, menstruation before reaching the dark brown bead indicates a cycle shorter than 26 days, requiring provider consultation.

Ethics is most closely aligned with morals (principles of right/wrong), whereas laws are formal rules that may or may not reflect moral principles.

Rubella is commonly called German measles.

Photographing residents requires informed consent to protect privacy and autonomy, even in social settings.

A prosthetist designs, fits, and adjusts artificial limbs (prosthetics) for clients after amputation.

Progestin-only injectables (like Depo-Provera) are considered safe for breastfeeding women starting at 6 weeks postpartum.

Quantitative research focuses on precise numerical measurement and statistical analysis of variables.

Stopping the IV flow immediately removes the allergen and prevents further reaction. This is the first priority in anaphylaxis.

Population is the complete set of all elements (people, items) sharing characteristics of interest to the researcher.

A simulation is a study designed to imitate or replicate real-world processes or systems.

TB accelerates HIV progression by increasing viral replication and immune activation.

Instrumental ADLs (e.g., managing finances, shopping, meal preparation) deficits are often addressed by a social worker, who can connect the family to community resources.

Google is a search engine/company; others are operating systems.

Risk management primarily aims to reduce financial and legal liability, while performance improvement focuses on process and outcome enhancement.

Current CPR guidelines recommend a compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 for adults.

The Access Framework components are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability. Quality Assurance is not one of them.

RAM is primary/volatile memory; secondary storage includes non-volatile devices like disks and flash drives.

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs arithmetic, logic, and data comparison operations.

Utilitarianism focuses on ethical outcomes (ends), whereas deontology focuses on ethical means.

Reverse isolation (protective isolation) is used for immunocompromised patients (e.g., leukemia) to protect them from infections.

Bile emulsifies fats, increasing surface area for lipase action.

Education and training on all pieces of equipment are essential to ensure staff can use medical equipment safely and properly.

Opioid agonists like Dilaudid (hydromorphone) commonly cause constipation as a side effect.

Variable interactions can be symmetrical (mutual influence), reciprocal (two-way causal), or asymmetrical (one-way causal).

Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast causing cryptococcosis, especially in immunocompromised hosts.

Leprosy spreads via respiratory droplets.

The gluteus maximus is an acceptable IM site for adults, but verification of the doctor’s order (including site if specified) is a standard safety step before administration.

URL = Uniform Resource Locator, the unique address of a resource on the internet.

Ortho-toluidine test measures free and combined chlorine in water.

Smoke alarm batteries should be tested monthly and typically replaced at least every 6 months, not just annually. Annual replacement is insufficient and indicates a need for education.

Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method, not a nonprobability technique.

Typhoid is water-borne (fecal-oral), not water-washed (hygiene-related).

In IMCI classification, “No pneumonia: cough or cold” is coded green (home care).

Boerhaave syndrome is a full-thickness tear of the esophagus due to forceful vomiting.

Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy due to theoretical risk to the fetus.

Antibiotics and antacids are not typically associated with constipation; others listed can cause it.

Tubal ligation (female) and vasectomy (male) are permanent sterilization methods.

www = World Wide Web, the system of interlinked hypertext documents on the internet.

Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium causing cholera, was discovered by Robert Koch in 1884.

Superior vena cava syndrome involves compression or obstruction of the superior vena cava (a major vein), often by tumor, leading to facial/upper body edema.

Disasters cause loss of life, property damage, and environmental disruption.

Physical therapists assess and treat gait impairments, balance, and mobility to reduce fall risk.

Biological disasters involve disease outbreaks causing mass illness or death.

Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) is a potential immediate complication after thoracentesis due to accidental puncture of the lung.

Women, children, and the elderly are often more vulnerable due to social, economic, and physical factors.

A system variance refers to a problem or failure within the healthcare system’s processes, such as inadequate supplies or equipment.

Spreading the legs apart during a transfer is a correct application of body mechanics to widen the base of support and maintain stability. The preceptor should validate the nurse’s competency.

Cancer prevention policies include screening and early detection/treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Lifestyle choices, such as diet, exercise, and smoking, are modifiable risk factors. Genetic predisposition and high-risk behaviors are less directly correctable.

Combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen) are not recommended for breastfeeding women before 6 months postpartum due to potential milk supply reduction.

A 27-year-old sedated male client is at greatest risk for falls due to sedation impairing mobility and awareness.

Case managers ensure clients receive appropriate level of care to meet clinical needs and reimbursement criteria.

Secondary intention healing occurs when a wound is left open to heal from the bottom up, which is necessary for contaminated wounds like ruptured appendix with peritonitis.

Chest pain and dyspnea in a client on TPN suggest a possible embolus (e.g., from catheter-related thrombus or air embolism), which is an emergency.

CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the primary component that processes data and controls peripherals.

Curling ulcer is a stress ulcer following severe burns.

SARS = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.

LCD = Liquid Crystal Display, a flat-panel screen technology.

CD-RW stands for Compact Disc Rewritable, a reusable optical storage medium.

If the person is coughing forcefully, they have a partial airway obstruction and are moving air. Encouraging coughing is the first intervention before performing the Heimlich maneuver.

For gastric lavage in adults, 200-300 mL of irrigant is typically instilled per cycle; 250 mL is a standard amount.

Agonists bind to receptors and induce a conformational change, triggering a biological response.

Episiotomy extension is an unexpected complication of a forceps delivery, making it a nursing diagnosis reflecting an adverse therapy response.

DNS = Domain Name System, translating domain names to IP addresses.

TB co-infection accelerates HIV disease progression by increasing viral load and weakening immunity.

Snowball sampling involves existing participants recruiting or referring additional participants from their networks.

Dissociation is a defense mechanism involving detachment from self, reality, or identity, often seen in severe stress or trauma.

Copper ions in Copper-T IUD have spermicidal effects, preventing fertilization.

Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires Hepatitis B coinfection.

Chronic sialadenitis with intractable pain may require surgical intervention (drainage or excision).

Braces (orthodontic treatment) correct malocclusion by gradually moving teeth.

For a paralyzed client’s first transfer, a mechanical lift is the safest method to prevent injury to both the client and staff.

AEDs are designed for public use with voice prompts and automated analysis, allowing people without healthcare training to use them effectively.

Prolapsed stoma (protrusion of bowel through stoma) is a potential complication of colostomy requiring client education.

The Access Framework components are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability. Quality Assurance is not one of them.

Extravasation (vesicant leakage into tissue) intervention includes aspirating any blood/fluid from the IV cannula before removal to assess placement and minimize tissue damage.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is often called the “Father of Microbiology” for his early microscopic observations.

Using Naegele’s rule (add 7 days, subtract 3 months): 20/10/2016 + 7 days = 27/10/2016; minus 3 months = 27/07/2017. The closest date is 07/07/2017.

Preschool children (ages 3-6) are in Erikson’s initiative vs. guilt stage, where initiative is a key developmental task.

The introduction sets up the study but does not present findings; findings are reported in the results section.

Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) are characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae.

Bluetooth short-range wireless technology typically works up to about 30 feet (10 meters).

The ABCD nutritional assessment includes Anthropometric, Biochemical, Clinical, and Dietary data.

Hepatitis B is a DNA virus; others listed are RNA viruses.

ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange, representing characters as numerical values.

The second dose of penicillin can lead to distributive shock.

IUDs, Depo-Provera injections, and combined oral contraceptives can all cause changes in menstrual bleeding patterns.

Psychological dependence (cravings, emotional reliance) is described when the client continues use to avoid negative emotional states, not just physical withdrawal.

Experimental studies, through manipulation, control, and randomization, are designed to establish cause-effect relationships.

In many African health facilities, pharmacy technicians or equivalent staff often handle supply chain tasks.

Ethics education should cover current bioethical issues, such as genetic engineering, to make content relevant.

Forecasting, financing, and procurement are all essential capacities for achieving contraceptive security.

For wheezing with fast breathing or chest indrawing, a trial of inhaled bronchodilator is indicated to assess reversibility before referral.

During group forming, accommodating others helps reduce conflict and build cohesion.

Short interpregnancy intervals (<18 months) are associated with increased risks of low birth weight and preterm birth.

Medication reconciliation aims to prevent drug interactions and errors by comparing current and new medications.

Aspergillus species pose a serious fungal infection risk in immunocompromised patients like bone marrow transplant recipients.

Behavioral psychotherapy, such as systematic desensitization or exposure therapy, is most effective for treating phobias by modifying maladaptive behaviors.

A research topic should indicate location, participants, and variables, but objectives are detailed separately in the proposal.

Occupational therapists assess and provide adaptive devices for eating/self-care.

Physical inactivity, alcohol, and tobacco are major behavioral risk factors for NCDs.

Referring to a compatibility chart or reference is the safest, most reliable method to determine IV medication-fluid compatibility.

Teaching the client about proper cane length (should allow a 15-30 degree elbow bend) promotes safety and independence, rather than removing their mobility aid.

WAN = Wide Area Network, a network spanning a large geographical area.

Ferrous sulfate (iron) is given via the Z-track technique to prevent staining and ensure intramuscular delivery into the muscle.

RAM is volatile temporary memory, not permanent storage like a hard disk.

Elevating the head of bed to at least 30 degrees during tube feeding reduces aspiration risk.

Mail merge allows creating multiple personalized documents (like letters) from a single template and a data source.

Data refers to the raw information (e.g., responses, measurements) collected from study participants.

If a combined oral contraceptive pill is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered (even if two are taken the same day) to maintain contraceptive efficacy.

Lead is toxic and accumulates, causing neurological and developmental harm.