Public Health Pre-Weeding Test 1 (Paper 1)

Quantitative research focuses on precise numerical measurement and statistical analysis of variables.

A monitor is an output device; input devices send data to a computer.

Combining multiple service delivery points, community health workers, and out-of-clinic distribution increases family planning accessibility and acceptability.

Tubal ligation (female) and vasectomy (male) are permanent sterilization methods.

John Snow is considered the father of public health for his work on cholera transmission.

A chemical restraint is defined as a drug used for discipline or convenience, not to treat medical symptoms.

URL = Uniform Resource Locator, the unique address of a resource on the internet.

McBurney’s point, located in the right lower quadrant, is tender in appendicitis.

Immediate nursing action for transfusion reaction is to stop transfusion and monitor vitals to ensure stability before further steps.

The “Ten Rights” typically include Right patient, medication, dose, route, time, documentation, education, assessment, evaluation, and refusal. “Right verification” is not a standard listed right.

The broad objective summarizes the overall aim or goal of the study.

Cancer prevention policies include screening and early detection/treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality.

A 27-year-old sedated male client is at greatest risk for falls due to sedation impairing mobility and awareness.

The nurse’s role in informed consent is to witness the client’s signature, not to obtain consent or explain the procedure.

A research topic should indicate location, participants, and variables, but objectives are detailed separately in the proposal.

The Copper-T380A IUD is effective for up to 12 years of continuous use.

Teaching the wife about Alzheimer’s progression and promoting the husband’s independence helps maintain his dignity and prevents caregiver burnout, while acknowledging her limitations.

Occupational therapists assess and provide adaptive devices for eating/self-care.

If a combined oral contraceptive pill is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered (even if two are taken the same day) to maintain contraceptive efficacy.

Medication reconciliation aims to prevent drug interactions and errors by comparing current and new medications.

Ethics is most closely aligned with morals (principles of right/wrong), whereas laws are formal rules that may or may not reflect moral principles.

Projective techniques (e.g., word association, picture interpretation) uncover subconscious or hidden thoughts/feelings.

Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires Hepatitis B coinfection.

Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Cultural Care focuses on transcultural nursing and culturally congruent care.

Biological disasters involve disease outbreaks causing mass illness or death.

Ortho-toluidine test measures free and combined chlorine in water.

Lead is toxic and accumulates, causing neurological and developmental harm.

Copper ions in Copper-T IUD have spermicidal effects, preventing fertilization.

Coliform bacteria indicate fecal contamination; others listed are also fecal indicators.

Progestin-only injectables (like Depo-Provera) are considered safe for breastfeeding women starting at 6 weeks postpartum.

Adding whole meal flour may increase fiber and bulk without significantly increasing energy density, which is less effective for appetite stimulation in older adults.

Research hypotheses predict expected relationships or differences between variables.

Culture media are typically sterilized by autoclaving (moist heat under pressure).

Data security breaches in healthcare are most often committed by internal staff, not external hackers.

Google is a search engine/company; others are operating systems.

LAN (Local Area Network) is used for internal communication within a limited area like an institution.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer.

Population is the complete set of all elements (people, items) sharing characteristics of interest to the researcher.

Programming errors are commonly called “bugs.”

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Women, children, and the elderly are often more vulnerable due to social, economic, and physical factors.

For a comatose, end-of-life client, the priority outcome is comfort: remaining free of pain and distress. Aggressive interventions like enemas or antiemetics are not appropriate.

WAN = Wide Area Network, a network spanning a large geographical area.

Lifestyle choices, such as diet, exercise, and smoking, are modifiable risk factors. Genetic predisposition and high-risk behaviors are less directly correctable.

TB accelerates HIV progression by increasing viral replication and immune activation.

Slander is oral defamation; libel is written. Assault is threat of harm; battery is actual physical contact.

In dark-skinned individuals, jaundice is best observed in the sclera and mucous membranes.

The correct sequential order of crisis phases is: 4 (use of defense mechanisms), 3 (trying alternative coping), 1 (GAS signs/symptoms), 2 (detachment/disorientation).

The Access Framework components are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability. Quality Assurance is not one of them.

Intussusception is a telescoping of one segment of intestine into an adjacent segment, often seen in infants.

Evaluating effectiveness of a hypertension stress management series is best done by comparing blood pressure readings before, during, and after the series to track changes over time.

Pericoronal abscess occurs around a partially erupted tooth, often wisdom teeth.

Hyperkalemia is a risk in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) due to potassium shifting out of cells and impaired renal excretion.

Superchlorination (high-dose) followed by dechlorination treats heavily polluted water.

TB co-infection accelerates HIV disease progression by increasing viral load and weakening immunity.

Spreading the legs apart during a transfer is a correct application of body mechanics to widen the base of support and maintain stability. The preceptor should validate the nurse’s competency.

Teaching the client about proper cane length (should allow a 15-30 degree elbow bend) promotes safety and independence, rather than removing their mobility aid.

Combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen) are not recommended for breastfeeding women before 6 months postpartum due to potential milk supply reduction.

Physical inactivity, alcohol, and tobacco are major behavioral risk factors for NCDs.

Genetic factors, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity are major modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

Sublingual route provides systemic, not local, effects; it bypasses first-pass metabolism and allows rapid onset/termination.

For choking, initial first aid is five back blows between the shoulder blades to dislodge the obstruction.

Longitudinal objective evaluation of time management is best done by collecting and analyzing outcome data over time, rather than one-time observations.

Immediate assessment of the client after an accident is the first priority to determine injuries and necessary care before notification or intervention.

Emergencies are typically manageable by local emergency services; disasters exceed local capacity.

In IMCI classification, “No pneumonia: cough or cold” is coded green (home care).

Physical therapists assess and treat gait impairments, balance, and mobility to reduce fall risk.

Purposive sampling involves selecting participants based on specific characteristics relevant to the study.

Braces (orthodontic treatment) correct malocclusion by gradually moving teeth.

Pain management (analgesics, hydration, oxygenation) is a primary intervention during a sickle cell crisis to relieve severe pain from vaso-occlusion.

Effective disaster management relies heavily on pre-disaster planning and preparedness.

Bowel pattern assessment includes consistency, color, amount, and frequency.

Data refers to the raw information (e.g., responses, measurements) collected from study participants.

Hemolysis prevention involves correct typing, cross-matching, and verifying ABO compatibility before transfusion.

Psychological dependence (cravings, emotional reliance) is described when the client continues use to avoid negative emotional states, not just physical withdrawal.

Episiotomy extension is an unexpected complication of a forceps delivery, making it a nursing diagnosis reflecting an adverse therapy response.

A computer is an electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes both qualitative and quantitative data.

Elevating the head of bed to at least 30 degrees during tube feeding reduces aspiration risk.

Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of burn wound infections.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is often called the “Father of Microbiology” for his early microscopic observations.

Bile emulsifies fats, increasing surface area for lipase action.

The second dose of penicillin can lead to distributive shock.

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is stored in ROM and loads during boot-up.

Antibiotics and antacids are not typically associated with constipation; others listed can cause it.

Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium causing cholera, was discovered by Robert Koch in 1884.

Malpractice requires: duty, breach of duty, causation, foreseeability, harm/damage, and injury (direct or indirect).

Disaster harm depends on hazard magnitude, intensity, and frequency.

Facebook is a social media platform, not a web browser (e.g., Firefox, Chrome, Safari are browsers).

Superior vena cava syndrome involves compression or obstruction of the superior vena cava (a major vein), often by tumor, leading to facial/upper body edema.

Laboratory studies are conducted in controlled, artificial settings that do not replicate real-world environmental conditions.

During group forming, accommodating others helps reduce conflict and build cohesion.

Fetal station is correctly defined as the level of the fetus’s presenting part in relationship to the mother’s ischial spines.

Disasters cause loss of life, property damage, and environmental disruption.

Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy due to theoretical risk to the fetus.

Combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen) are not recommended for breastfeeding women before 6 months postpartum due to potential milk supply reduction.

GI assessment focuses on oral/digestive health; confusion is a neurological symptom, not directly GI-related.

Rapid sand filters require frequent backwashing to clean the filter bed.

ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange, representing characters as numerical values.

Field studies are conducted in real-world settings where actual environmental conditions naturally occur.

Bioavailability is the fraction of unchanged drug that reaches systemic circulation after administration.

Man-made disasters include chemical explosions, wars, and toxic waste leaks.

CD-RW stands for Compact Disc Rewritable, a reusable optical storage medium.

If the person is coughing forcefully, they have a partial airway obstruction and are moving air. Encouraging coughing is the first intervention before performing the Heimlich maneuver.

Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

For a paralyzed client’s first transfer, a mechanical lift is the safest method to prevent injury to both the client and staff.

IUDs, Depo-Provera injections, and combined oral contraceptives can all cause changes in menstrual bleeding patterns.

Real-time video simulates live broadcasting with minimal delay over the internet.

Assessment is the first and most critical step in the nursing process, as it informs all subsequent steps.

For gastric lavage in adults, 200-300 mL of irrigant is typically instilled per cycle; 250 mL is a standard amount.

Duodenal ulcer patients often hypersecrete gastric acid.

Blood type B negative has A agglutinins (antibodies) and lacks the Rh factor. Therefore, the client can receive B- or O- blood, but not A or AB.

The Schick test is used to determine immunity to diphtheria.

Acute bacterial parotitis in children is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

The six rights of supply chain are: right product, quantity, condition, place, time, and cost. “Right customers” is not one of them.

The Rinne test compares air conduction vs. bone conduction to assess hearing and differentiate conductive from sensorineural hearing loss.

Nonprobability sampling does not use random selection and does not aim for statistical representativeness.

Smoke alarm batteries should be tested monthly and typically replaced at least every 6 months, not just annually. Annual replacement is insufficient and indicates a need for education.

Ethics education should cover current bioethical issues, such as genetic engineering, to make content relevant.

A system variance refers to a problem or failure within the healthcare system’s processes, such as inadequate supplies or equipment.

Photographing residents requires informed consent to protect privacy and autonomy, even in social settings.

The gluteus maximus is an acceptable IM site for adults, but verification of the doctor’s order (including site if specified) is a standard safety step before administration.

Chronic sialadenitis with intractable pain may require surgical intervention (drainage or excision).

Individual and community resilience is essential for long-term recovery after a disaster, beyond external aid.

Using a bedsheet as a restraint is illegal (false imprisonment) and a crime, not a safety measure.

The motherboard is the main circuit board connecting all internal components.

The prodromal stage is characterized by early, nonspecific symptoms like malaise, fatigue, and mild fever before specific symptoms appear.

Typhoid is water-borne (fecal-oral), not water-washed (hygiene-related).

Reproductive health commodity security means individuals can choose, obtain, and use quality essential reproductive health products when needed.

Intestinal inflammation is not a common complication of hepatitis.

Pregnancy medication categories C, D, and X indicate increasing risk; categories D and X are contraindicated, and C requires caution.

Newborns not needing resuscitation are typically term, breathing/crying, and have good muscle tone.

Multimedia integrates multiple content forms like text, audio, images, animation, and video.

Dissociation is a defense mechanism involving detachment from self, reality, or identity, often seen in severe stress or trauma.

Advocating for healthcare accessibility through political organization is a form of client advocacy at the community/policy level.

SO? is a key indicator of industrial air pollution (e.g., from fossil fuels).

Operating system (OS) manages hardware/software resources and provides user interface.

Chest pain and dyspnea in a client on TPN suggest a possible embolus (e.g., from catheter-related thrombus or air embolism), which is an emergency.

Phototherapy is often used for hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice). Monitoring stool color (which may turn greenish) helps assess bilirubin excretion.

Hepatitis B is a DNA virus; others listed are RNA viruses.

Social rehabilitation restores social roles and relationships after illness/disability.

RAM is volatile temporary memory, not permanent storage like a hard disk.

Combining multiple service delivery points, community health workers, and out-of-clinic distribution increases family planning accessibility and acceptability.

Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method, not a nonprobability technique.

The pad of the finger is not recommended for blood glucose monitoring because it is more sensitive and has fewer capillaries. The side of the finger is preferred.

www = World Wide Web, the system of interlinked hypertext documents on the internet.

An internal disaster occurs within the healthcare facility itself, such as a tornado touching down directly on the facility.

bit = binary digit, the smallest unit of data (0 or 1) in computing.

A prosthetist designs, fits, and adjusts artificial limbs (prosthetics) for clients after amputation.

Short interpregnancy intervals (<18 months) are associated with increased risks of low birth weight and preterm birth.

Active natural immunity occurs when the body produces its own antibodies after exposure to a live pathogen (e.g., measles infection).

Inability to breastfeed/drink plus chest indrawing indicates severe pneumonia (or very severe disease) per IMCI guidelines.

Risk management primarily aims to reduce financial and legal liability, while performance improvement focuses on process and outcome enhancement.

Android is a mobile operating system; others are desktop OS or not OS.

Referring to a compatibility chart or reference is the safest, most reliable method to determine IV medication-fluid compatibility.

Curling ulcer is a stress ulcer following severe burns.

Forecasting, financing, and procurement are all essential capacities for achieving contraceptive security.

A second nurse is required to verify patient identity, blood product, and compatibility before administering blood (double-check procedure).

Edward Jenner developed the first smallpox vaccine in 1796.

The Access Framework components are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability. Quality Assurance is not one of them.

Experimental studies involve manipulation of independent variables to observe effects on dependent variables under controlled conditions.

Variable interactions can be symmetrical (mutual influence), reciprocal (two-way causal), or asymmetrical (one-way causal).

Amylase breaks down starch into sugars.

Providing privacy creates a safe, confidential environment, which is a therapeutic communication technique that builds trust.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast causing cryptococcosis, especially in immunocompromised hosts.

Mail merge allows creating multiple personalized documents (like letters) from a single template and a data source.

The introduction sets up the study but does not present findings; findings are reported in the results section.

Utilitarianism focuses on ethical outcomes (ends), whereas deontology focuses on ethical means.

Standard adult CPR compression-to-ventilation ratio is 30:2.

Descriptive studies describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon (who, what, when, where, how much) without establishing causality.

Boerhaave syndrome is a full-thickness tear of the esophagus due to forceful vomiting.

Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) is a potential immediate complication after thoracentesis due to accidental puncture of the lung.

Preschool children (ages 3-6) are in Erikson’s initiative vs. guilt stage, where initiative is a key developmental task.

Oral drugs pass through the liver before systemic circulation, undergoing significant first-pass metabolism.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the primary disinfecting agent from chlorine.

Rubella is commonly called German measles.

Veracity (truthfulness) in nursing involves fully and honestly answering client questions without withholding information.

Standard keyboards typically have at least 101 keys (including function, numeric, and control keys).

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.

Petechiae (small pinpoint hemorrhages) are a classic sign of thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).

In many African health facilities, auxiliary or non-clinical staff often handle supply chain tasks like inventory and distribution.

Microsoft Windows is an operating system; others are application software.

Efficacy is the maximum response a drug can produce, regardless of dose.

Sudden pain relief followed by severe pain suggests rupture (peritonitis).

Case managers ensure clients receive appropriate level of care to meet clinical needs and reimbursement criteria.

A psychrometer measures relative humidity using wet and dry bulb thermometers.

Trypsin (from pancreas) breaks down proteins into amino acids in the small intestine.

Media play a crucial role in disseminating warnings and information for disaster prevention.

A simulation is a study designed to imitate or replicate real-world processes or systems.

A byte is typically 8 bits (binary digits).

Leprosy spreads via respiratory droplets.

Performance improvement focuses on achieving optimal client outcomes through systematic enhancement of care.

During abdominal assessment, deep palpation is performed last to avoid altering findings from earlier steps (inspection, auscultation, percussion, light palpation).

RAM is primary/volatile memory; secondary storage includes non-volatile devices like disks and flash drives.

Time management is the skill most directly linked to prioritizing and completing tasks for multiple clients efficiently.

The background of the study is typically written first to establish context before problem statement, literature review, etc.