Public Health Pre-Weeding Test 2 (Paper 2)

Biological vector transmission involves the vector being part of the pathogen’s life cycle.

Acute ear infection (<14 days) is treated with oral antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin) and ear drying.

Combined oral contraceptives (containing estrogen) are not recommended for breastfeeding women before 6 months postpartum due to potential milk supply reduction.

Quota sampling is a non-probability method; others listed are probability techniques.

Social status reflects an individual’s societal standing based on factors like wealth, occupation, education.

The six rights of supply chain are: right product, quantity, condition, place, time, and cost. “Right consumer” is not one of them.

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability (reading disorder) classified under intellectual/developmental disabilities.

Assumptions are shaped by cultural context, societal norms, and background.

Prevalence increases if survival with the disease lengthens (more existing cases).

Savlon contains cetavlon (cetrimide) and hibitane (chlorhexidine).

Amoxicillin is the first-line antibiotic for pneumonia, mastoiditis, and other severe bacterial infections in IMCI.

Ebola is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals (e.g., bats, primates) to humans.

The threat of substitutes is low when there are few alternatives, allowing higher pricing and profitability.

Research is a systematic, active, problem-oriented process; “not a process” is incorrect.

Some palmar pallor indicates anemia (moderate), while severe palmar pallor indicates severe anemia.

West Nile virus is emerging in new regions; reemerging diseases are previously controlled but resurging (e.g., drug-resistant TB, malaria).

Routine chlorination of water is a pre-current (preventive) disinfection measure.

Combining multiple service delivery points, community health workers, and out-of-clinic distribution increases family planning accessibility and acceptability.

Peter F. Drucker defined management as an organ defined by its functions.

F.W. Taylor is the founder of Scientific Management, emphasizing efficiency and systematic work methods.

Interdisciplinary research integrates multiple disciplines for a holistic understanding of complex issues.

Dysentery is defined by the presence of blood in stool.

Research requires flexibility and perseverance to adapt to unexpected challenges.

Responsibility is the duty to perform assigned tasks and deliver expected outcomes.

A hypothesis is a testable statement, not a type of research question.

“Prevention” aims to reduce disease frequency to acceptable levels; control, elimination, and eradication are related but distinct.

Census provides complete population data; surveys are sample-based.

Socratic method involves dialogue and questioning, representing two-way communication.

Linking data to daily work helps staff see the relevance of quality improvement and encourages engagement.

Lead sulfide is less soluble and less toxic compared to lead oxides, carbonates, and arsenates.

Community health nursing process (assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation) is the systematic tool for community-oriented care.

Scalar chain refers to the clear line of authority from top to bottom in an organization.

Informal organization often leads to higher job satisfaction and productivity due to social bonds.

Leptospirosis, brucellosis, and anthrax are all recognized occupational diseases from biological agents.

Observation is essential; reference collection is not a core step in experimental design.

Lead poisoning is the most common heavy metal poisoning globally, especially in children.

Facial pallor (due to anemia) is an early, consistent sign of lead poisoning.

Measles does not typically combine active and passive immunization; hepatitis B, rabies, and tetanus do.

Intellectual disability is defined by subaverage IQ, deficits in adaptive functioning, and onset before age 18.

Visible severe wasting plus bilateral edema indicates severe acute malnutrition (SAM).

Research requires flexibility and perseverance to adapt to unexpected challenges.

Community health nursing is a continuous, population-focused practice.

Iron supplementation and deworming (if ?1 year) are standard treatments for anemia.

Social status reflects an individual’s societal standing based on factors like wealth, occupation, education.

Henry Fayol defined management as forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.

In IMCI classification, “No pneumonia: cough or cold” is coded green (home care).

Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic test for chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome.

Research depth is gauged by the scope and specificity of its objectives.

Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) is a WHO strategy to make rehabilitation accessible at the community level.

Measures of effect (e.g., RR, OR) quantify the strength of association between exposure and outcome.

Budgets are quantitative plans expressing expected financial outcomes over a specific period.

RCTs randomly assign interventions to evaluate effectiveness under controlled conditions.

Harold Koontz described management as “the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups.”

Entrepreneurship involves pursuing opportunities regardless of currently controlled resources.

Historically, leaded gasoline exhaust was a major source of environmental lead poisoning.

Tetracycline (or doxycycline) is the first-line antibiotic for cholera.

Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) targets preventable childhood diseases.

Assumptions are shaped by cultural context, societal norms, and background.

Language barriers require immediate interpreter services to assess and address the family’s distress.

Accident prevention requires shared responsibility between management and workers, not management alone.

A limited partnership offers liability protection for limited partners while allowing general partners to manage.

Occupational health falls under preventive medicine, focusing on disease prevention and health promotion.

Fresh bleaching powder (chloride of lime) contains about 33% available chlorine.

Lack of dependent and independent variables makes a research problem non-viable.

Vocational rehabilitation restores work capacity and function after illness/injury.

IUDs, Depo-Provera injections, and combined oral contraceptives can all cause changes in menstrual bleeding patterns.

Restlessness can occur in mild/moderate dehydration; severe dehydration signs include lethargy, sunken eyes, and slow skin pinch.

“Braggadocios” likely refers to ergotism or grain mold; prevention includes moisture control, antifungal sprays, and PPE.

The aim is to assess home environment risks, such as presence of an imbecile (intellectually disabled) child.

Pesticides are known to pose health risks (e.g., toxicity, carcinogenicity) to humans.

The scientific method aims to introduce and test new variables to explain phenomena.

Lack of dependent and independent variables makes a research problem non-viable.

Keratomalacia (corneal ulceration/softening) due to Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of nutritional blindness in young children.

Research depth is gauged by the scope and specificity of its objectives.

Correlation analysis measures the association (relationship) between variables.

Domiciliary midwifery involves home delivery services by a community midwife or flying squad with a delivery kit.

Intrapreneurship (corporate venture) is entrepreneurship within an existing organization.

Interdisciplinary research integrates multiple disciplines for a holistic understanding of complex issues.

Miner’s nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) results from prolonged work in poor lighting.

Chi-square is a statistical test used for categorical data analysis.

Entrepreneurship involves pursuing opportunities regardless of currently controlled resources.

Family and community participation is essential; decision-making is not limited to family members.

Rehabilitation focuses on comfort measures like skin care, nutrition, and hygiene.

Strategies are plans designed to respond to environmental challenges and opportunities.

Shaken baby syndrome (abusive head trauma) can cause brain injury and intellectual disability.

A hypothesis is a testable statement, not a type of research question.

Case-control studies compare exposures between cases (disease) and controls (no disease).

RR=0.86 suggests lower risk, but statistical significance (p-value/CI) is needed to rule out chance.

Silicosis, caused by inhaling silica dust, is one of the most common occupational lung diseases worldwide.

Alopecia (hair loss) is not a typical sign of zinc deficiency; common signs include diarrhea, taste changes, rash, and paresthesias.

Home delivery advantages include convenience, comfort, familiarity, and often lower cost.

The marketing mix (4 Ps) consists of Product, Price, Promotion, and Place (distribution).

Procedures are step-by-step instructions for implementing policies and achieving objectives.

Adding whole meal flour may increase fiber and bulk without significantly increasing energy density, which is less effective for appetite stimulation in older adults.

Community health nursing promotes client responsibility and self-care; it does not inhibit it.

WHO recommends deworming every 6 months from age 1 year in endemic areas.

Informal organization focuses on social relationships, personal interactions, and group dynamics.

Enhancing objectives involves improving validity, reliability, and impartiality.

Diarrhea ?14 days with dehydration is classified as severe persistent diarrhea.

Descriptive, philosophical, and action research all contribute to research development.

Ergonomics and toxicology are directly relevant to occupational health nursing, addressing workplace safety and chemical exposures.

Inhalation of lead dust/fumes is the primary route in occupational settings; ingestion is common in children.

A limited partnership includes both general partners (unlimited liability) and limited partners (liability limited to investment).

Vertical transmission occurs from mother to fetus via the placenta (e.g., HIV, rubella).

Home visits should be purposeful and flexible, but not necessarily weekly or rigidly scheduled.

For wheezing with fast breathing or chest indrawing, a trial of inhaled bronchodilator is indicated to assess reversibility before referral.

Airborne diseases (e.g., TB, measles) spread easily via aerosols, making containment difficult.

An outbreak is a sudden increase in disease cases in a specific community or area.

Randomization reduces confounding by distributing known and unknown factors evenly between groups.

Scientific task planning assigns work based on time and motion studies of an average worker under normal conditions.

Poor coordination is a human factor, not a precipitating factor; environmental, machinery, and work-related factors are precipitating.

Economics focuses on efficient resource allocation, like matching jobs to suitable workers.

Mroz attributed 80% of workplace accidents to unsafe human behaviors.

Feasibility requires utility, novelty, and researchability.

Abused child syndrome encompasses various abuse-related injuries and neglect leading to intellectual disability.

Enhancing objectives involves improving validity, reliability, and impartiality.

Intrapreneurship (corporate venture) is entrepreneurship within an existing organization.

If a combined oral contraceptive pill is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered (even if two are taken the same day) to maintain contraceptive efficacy.

Corporate planning sets the overall direction and strategy for the entire organization.

The percent-of-sales method calculates expenses as a percentage of net sales.

Fast breathing without chest indrawing or danger signs = pneumonia classification.

Limited resources, competing priorities, and weak health systems collectively hinder global vaccine coverage.

Literature review reveals existing knowledge, theories, key contributors, and gaps.

Fever with malaria risk and no other cause is classified as “Fever: Malaria likely.”

Value-based pricing is product-oriented, setting prices based on perceived product value.

Henry Fayol is considered the father of administrative management for his systematic theory of management.

Distribution channels (e.g., retailers, wholesalers) often provide new product ideas and marketing support.

Topical tetracycline eye ointment is used for bacterial eye infection in measles.

Lead poisoning is widespread, especially in children, due to environmental and occupational exposure.

“Avoidability” is not a principle of PHC accessibility; availability, acceptability, accessibility, and affordability are.

Literature review reveals existing knowledge, theories, key contributors, and gaps.

In many African health facilities, pharmacy technicians or equivalent staff often handle supply chain tasks.

Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder affecting communication and behavior.

Phthalates are plasticizers used in vinyl flooring that can off-gas and affect indoor air quality.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical method comparing means across groups, often one-way.

History of convulsions or neurological reactions is an absolute contraindication for pertussis vaccine.

Incidence = new cases over time; prevalence = existing cases at a point/period.

Tuberculosis is an ancient, well-known disease, not newly emerging.

Salk vaccine is inactivated (killed); BCG, Sabin, and measles are live attenuated.

The Access Framework components are Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability. Quality Assurance is not one of them.

Declining vaccination rates can reduce herd immunity, allowing previously controlled diseases to reemerge.

Emerging diseases are closely monitored because they are increasing and not yet controlled, posing potential public health threats.

Innovation refers to the process of creating and implementing new ideas or products.

Research is a systematic, active, problem-oriented process; “not a process” is incorrect.

Seroepidemiology studies disease patterns using blood serum markers (e.g., antibodies) to track exposure and immunity.

Observation is essential; reference collection is not a core step in experimental design.

Questionnaires efficiently gather standardized data from a large urban population on political opinions.

Sentinel surveillance aims to estimate total disease burden by monitoring selected sites/cases.

Stiff neck is a sign of meningitis, not measles.

Formal organization is characterized by written rules, duties, and defined structures.

Previous stillbirth is a risk factor requiring careful assessment for home delivery suitability.

Objectivity (freedom from bias) ensures authenticity of findings.

Cohort studies calculate relative risk (RR) by comparing disease incidence between exposed and unexposed groups.

Exposure refers to any contact with a factor (harmful or beneficial) that may affect health.

Lysol (a phenolic compound) is a potent disinfectant; phenol, dettol, and potassium permanganate are less powerful.

A promotion-by-seniority policy guides decision-making on employee advancement.

Measles with pus draining from the eye indicates eye complication.

Social relevance ensures the research addresses meaningful societal needs or issues.

Essential baby items include towels, clothing, diapers, and bathing supplies.

Objectivity (freedom from bias) ensures authenticity of findings.

Unity of command ensures each employee reports to one supervisor to avoid conflicting instructions.

OHN often faces ethical conflicts between obligations to employees and employer demands.

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) like Artemeter-Lumefantrine are first-line oral antimalarials.

Formal organization emphasizes defined authority, roles, and hierarchical structure.

Chest indrawing is a key sign for severe pneumonia classification.

Market analysis identifies and describes the target customer segment the business intends to serve.

Age <35 is not a contraindication; risks include extremes of age, poor obstetric history, and socioeconomic factors.

Gross profit (or gross margin) is sales revenue minus the cost of goods sold.

Espirit de corps emphasizes unity, teamwork, and morale (“union is strength”).

The Board of Directors governs major corporate policies and strategic decisions.

Social relevance ensures the research addresses meaningful societal needs or issues.

The scientific method aims to introduce and test new variables to explain phenomena.

Toxic shock syndrome has been reported as a rare complication following measles vaccination.

Nurses are mandated reporters; suspected elder abuse requires notification to Adult Protective Services before discharge.

Secondary attack rate measures spread from primary cases to contacts, indicating communicability.

Historically, leaded gasoline exhaust was a major environmental source; though phased out, legacy contamination persists.

Rehabilitation focuses on physical, mental, and social restoration; “bio-physiological” is not a standard category.

Newborns not needing resuscitation are typically term, breathing/crying, and have good muscle tone.

Citrate in ORS enhances stability and shelf life by preventing precipitation.

An operational business plan details internal activities and processes for company execution.

Coordination aligns individual efforts to achieve collective organizational goals.

Distribution channels (e.g., retailers, wholesalers) often provide new product ideas and marketing support.

Betrimide (benzalkonium chloride) is a quaternary ammonium compound, not a chlorine-based disinfectant.

“General and Industrial Management” is a classic book written by Henry Fayol.

Post-delivery care includes bladder emptying, perineal inspection, blood loss estimation, and baby cleaning with weighing.

Sampling cases extends beyond people to include texts, media, events, etc.

Autoclaving (moist heat under pressure) effectively disinfects sputum by killing pathogens including TB bacilli.

Industry/target market feasibility analysis assesses industry sufficiency and target market demand.

Rehabilitation is a component, but not a fundamental core part; health education, counseling, and supervision are core.

Sensitivity = proportion of true positives correctly identified; specificity = true negatives correctly identified.

Organic dust (e.g., from grains, textiles) is a widespread occupational hazard, especially in agriculture and manufacturing.

Chest indrawing distinguishes pneumonia from severe pneumonia in IMCI.

Epidemiology’s primary objective is identifying risk factors to inform prevention.

Very severe febrile disease/malaria requires immediate parenteral antimalarial (e.g., quinine) or artesunate.

Forecasting, financing, and procurement are all essential capacities for achieving contraceptive security.

Miner’s nystagmus (oscillating eye movements) is caused by prolonged work in poor lighting, such as in mining.

Environment and Human Health is an organization focused on protecting health from environmental risks.

Silicosis, caused by silica dust inhalation, is a common occupational lung disease globally.

Tetanus is not contagious; isolation is not required for transmission control.

A programme is a set of sequenced instructions to accomplish a specific task.